Anatomy & Exercise Physiology Flashcards
What are the parts of the spine (top to bottom), and how many vertebrae do they each contain?
Cervical - 7 Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacrum - 5 Coccyx - 4
How many vertebrae in the spine are there in total?
33
Name 3 conditions affecting the structure of the spine
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Scoliosis
Name 5 types of bone
Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid
Describe what a long bone is, and name one.
A bone that is longer than it is wide
E.g. Humerus, tibia, fibula
Describe what a short bone is, and name one.
A bone with roughly equal proportions
E.g. Metacarpals
Describe what a flat bone is, and name one.
Bones with a roughly flat shape rather than rounded
E.g. Ribs
Describe what an irregular bone is, and name one.
Bones that are irregular in shape and therefore do not fit into any other category
Vertebrae
Describe what a sesamoid bone is, and name one.
A small bone that is commonly found embedded within muscle or tendon
Patella
What is kyphosis?
Excessive outward rounding of the thoracic spine
What is lordosis?
Excessive inward rounding of the lumbar spine.
What is scoliosis?
Bending of the spine left or right, which can often occur after pregnancy
Name 3 functions of the skeletal system
Mechanical
Protective
Calcium reservoir
The skeleton is broken into two areas, what are they?
Axial - Head, neck, back, chest (core)
Appendicular - Everything else (extremities)
Name 3 types of joint
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Name all the types of synovial joints.
Saddle Plane Pivot Hinge Ball + Socket Condyloid
How many types of synovial joints are there?
6
What are the different types of levers in your body and describe them?
1st Class (Effort - Fulcrum - Load) 2nd Class (Fulcrum - Load - Effort) 3rd Class (Fulcrum - Effort - Load)
Name a 1st class lever.
Tricep extension
Name a 2nd class lever.
Calf raise
Name a 3rd class lever.
Bicep curl
What is the acronym for levers?
1 - EFL English Football League
FLE 123
What are the 3 parts of a lever?
Effort
Fulcrum
Load
How many anatomical planes are there?
3
Name the anatomical planes
Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse
Describe the sagittal plane and the movements in it.
Divides the body down the center into left and right sides. Any movements forward, back, up, or down.
Describe the frontal plane and the movements in it.
Divides the body vertically into back and front. Any movements laterally.
Describe the transverse plane and the movements in it.
Divides the body horizontally into halves. Any movements which involve rotation.
How many anatomical axis are there?
3
Name the anatomical axis
Frontal
Sagittal
Longitudinal
Fill in the blank
If I was in the sagittal plane, I must be in the ___ axis.
Frontal
Fill in the blank
If I was in the frontal plane, I must be in the ___ axis.
Sagittal
Fill in the blank
If I was in the transverse plane, I must be in the ___ axis.
Longitudinal
What are the 5 types of anatomical movements?
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Rotation
What is the CNS?
Central Nervous System
What is the PNS?
Peripheral Nervous System
What is the difference between the CNS and PNS?
The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.
What is a saddle joint? And give one example
A joint so called because of its saddle-like shape, which provides movement in all directions apart from axial rotation.
E.g. Thumb
What is a plane joint? And give one example
A joint where the bottoms of the bones are almost flat allowing a small amount of gliding movement.
E.g. Between the metacarpals
What is a pivot joint? And give one example
A joint which allows axial rotation
E.g. The joint between the radial and ulna
What is a ball and socket joint? And give one example
A joint in which one ball-shaped end of the bone inserts into a socket-like gap to allow a large ROM.
E.g. Shoulder
What is a hinge joint? And give one example
Much like the hinge on a door, they allow bones to move in one plane of motion without much ROM in other planes.
E.g. Elbow
What is a condyloid joint? And give one example
Although it sounds similar to a ball and socket joint, condyloid joints only allow for forward-backward and side-to-side movement and do not allow rotation.
E.g. Wrist
Name and describe the 3 types of muscle?
Smooth - Helps move food through the digestive tract
Cardiac - Makes up the thick middle layer of the heart
Skeletal - Muscles that connect to bones and allow you to move
What are the 5 types of muscle action?
Antagonist Agonist Synergist Fixator Stabiliser
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?
Excitability
Contractibility
Extendability
Elasticity
Name the 3 types of muscle contraction
Isotonic
Isometric
Isokinetic
What are the 3 muscle fiber types, and their purpose in the body?
Type 1 - Slow twitch (Endurance)
Type 2a - Fast twitch (Middle distance/rugby/football)
Type 2x - Fast twitch (Power)
What is the definition of anatomy?
The science dealing with the form and arrangement of body parts.
What is the definition of exercise physiology?
The study of the effects of exercise on the body before, after, and during exercise.
What is the definition of osteology?
The study of bones.
How many bones are in the human body?
206
What is an antagonist and agonist?
The muscle that causes movement, and the opposing muscle which facilitates the movement.
What is a synergist?
A muscle that prevents unwanted movement
What is a fixator?
A fixator supports the bone origin of the antagonist
What is a stabiliser?
In any movement, stabilizer muscles act to stabilize one joint so the desired movement can be performed in another joint.
What does the right side of the heart do?
Pumps blood through the lungs
What does the left side of the heart do?
Pumps blood through the rest of the body.
Describe the path of oxygen through the body.
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Describe the path of blood through the cardiovascular system.
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