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AAPTI > Anatomy & Exercise Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Exercise Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the spine (top to bottom), and how many vertebrae do they each contain?

A 
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacrum - 5
Coccyx - 4
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2
Q

How many vertebrae in the spine are there in total?

A

33

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3
Q

Name 3 conditions affecting the structure of the spine

A

Kyphosis
Lordosis
Scoliosis

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4
Q

Name 5 types of bone

A 
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
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5
Q

Describe what a long bone is, and name one.

A

A bone that is longer than it is wide

E.g. Humerus, tibia, fibula

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6
Q

Describe what a short bone is, and name one.

A

A bone with roughly equal proportions

E.g. Metacarpals

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7
Q

Describe what a flat bone is, and name one.

A

Bones with a roughly flat shape rather than rounded

E.g. Ribs

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8
Q

Describe what an irregular bone is, and name one.

A

Bones that are irregular in shape and therefore do not fit into any other category

Vertebrae

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9
Q

Describe what a sesamoid bone is, and name one.

A

A small bone that is commonly found embedded within muscle or tendon

Patella

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10
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Excessive outward rounding of the thoracic spine

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11
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Excessive inward rounding of the lumbar spine.

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12
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Bending of the spine left or right, which can often occur after pregnancy

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13
Q

Name 3 functions of the skeletal system

A

Mechanical
Protective
Calcium reservoir

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14
Q

The skeleton is broken into two areas, what are they?

A

Axial - Head, neck, back, chest (core)

Appendicular - Everything else (extremities)

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15
Q

Name 3 types of joint

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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16
Q

Name all the types of synovial joints.

A 
Saddle
Plane
Pivot
Hinge
Ball + Socket
Condyloid
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17
Q

How many types of synovial joints are there?

A

6

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18
Q

What are the different types of levers in your body and describe them?

A 
1st Class (Effort - Fulcrum - Load)
2nd Class (Fulcrum - Load - Effort)
3rd Class (Fulcrum - Effort - Load)
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19
Q

Name a 1st class lever.

A

Tricep extension

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20
Q

Name a 2nd class lever.

A

Calf raise

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21
Q

Name a 3rd class lever.

A

Bicep curl

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22
Q

What is the acronym for levers?

A

1 - EFL English Football League

FLE 123

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23
Q

What are the 3 parts of a lever?

A

Effort
Fulcrum
Load

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24
Q

How many anatomical planes are there?

A

3

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25
Q

Name the anatomical planes

A

Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse

26
Q

Describe the sagittal plane and the movements in it.

A

Divides the body down the center into left and right sides. Any movements forward, back, up, or down.

27
Q

Describe the frontal plane and the movements in it.

A

Divides the body vertically into back and front. Any movements laterally.

28
Q

Describe the transverse plane and the movements in it.

A

Divides the body horizontally into halves. Any movements which involve rotation.

29
Q

How many anatomical axis are there?

A

3

30
Q

Name the anatomical axis

A

Frontal
Sagittal
Longitudinal

31
Q

Fill in the blank

If I was in the sagittal plane, I must be in the ___ axis.

A

Frontal

32
Q

Fill in the blank

If I was in the frontal plane, I must be in the ___ axis.

A

Sagittal

33
Q

Fill in the blank

If I was in the transverse plane, I must be in the ___ axis.

A

Longitudinal

34
Q

What are the 5 types of anatomical movements?

A 
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
35
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Central Nervous System

36
Q

What is the PNS?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

37
Q

What is the difference between the CNS and PNS?

A

The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.

The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.

38
Q

What is a saddle joint? And give one example

A

A joint so called because of its saddle-like shape, which provides movement in all directions apart from axial rotation.

E.g. Thumb

39
Q

What is a plane joint? And give one example

A

A joint where the bottoms of the bones are almost flat allowing a small amount of gliding movement.

E.g. Between the metacarpals

40
Q

What is a pivot joint? And give one example

A

A joint which allows axial rotation

E.g. The joint between the radial and ulna

41
Q

What is a ball and socket joint? And give one example

A

A joint in which one ball-shaped end of the bone inserts into a socket-like gap to allow a large ROM.

E.g. Shoulder

42
Q

What is a hinge joint? And give one example

A

Much like the hinge on a door, they allow bones to move in one plane of motion without much ROM in other planes.

E.g. Elbow

43
Q

What is a condyloid joint? And give one example

A

Although it sounds similar to a ball and socket joint, condyloid joints only allow for forward-backward and side-to-side movement and do not allow rotation.

E.g. Wrist

44
Q

Name and describe the 3 types of muscle?

A

Smooth - Helps move food through the digestive tract

Cardiac - Makes up the thick middle layer of the heart

Skeletal - Muscles that connect to bones and allow you to move

45
Q

What are the 5 types of muscle action?

A 
Antagonist
Agonist
Synergist
Fixator
Stabiliser
46
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

Excitability
Contractibility
Extendability
Elasticity

47
Q

Name the 3 types of muscle contraction

A

Isotonic
Isometric
Isokinetic

48
Q

What are the 3 muscle fiber types, and their purpose in the body?

A

Type 1 - Slow twitch (Endurance)
Type 2a - Fast twitch (Middle distance/rugby/football)
Type 2x - Fast twitch (Power)

49
Q

What is the definition of anatomy?

A

The science dealing with the form and arrangement of body parts.

50
Q

What is the definition of exercise physiology?

A

The study of the effects of exercise on the body before, after, and during exercise.

51
Q

What is the definition of osteology?

A

The study of bones.

52
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

53
Q

What is an antagonist and agonist?

A

The muscle that causes movement, and the opposing muscle which facilitates the movement.

54
Q

What is a synergist?

A

A muscle that prevents unwanted movement

55
Q

What is a fixator?

A

A fixator supports the bone origin of the antagonist

56
Q

What is a stabiliser?

A

In any movement, stabilizer muscles act to stabilize one joint so the desired movement can be performed in another joint.

57
Q

What does the right side of the heart do?

A

Pumps blood through the lungs

58
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

Pumps blood through the rest of the body.

59
Q

Describe the path of oxygen through the body.

A

…

60
Q

Describe the path of blood through the cardiovascular system.

A

….

AAPTI (6 decks)

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