Anatomy/Exam abstracts

Question 1

What is the interarcuate branch (IAB)?

Taroni et al
AJVR 2022

Answer 1

A vascular structure developed in the C2-3 intervertebral space that connects ventral venous plexi in the vertebral canal.

Question 2

What was observed histologically regarding the IAB?

Taroni et al
AJVR 2022

Answer 2

Dorsal anastomosis was observed histologically.

Question 3

What is the significance of the cervical fibrous sheath in the context of IABs?

Taroni et al
AJVR 2022

Answer 3

It surrounds the vertebral canal and is adherent to the interarcuate ligament and ligamentum flavum.

Question 4

What was the objective of the finite element analysis (FEA) study?

Kikuchi et al
AJVR 2023

Answer 4

To verify the validity of FEA predictions compared to experimental biomechanical testing results.

Question 5

What were the correlation coefficients for the rotation test in the FEA study?

Kikuchi et al
AJVR 2023

Answer 5

r = 0.92 for maximum torque and r = 0.96 for rotation angle.

Question 6

What were the sensitivity and specificity of MRI for assessing cranial base synchondroses?

Farke et al
BMC Vet Res 2019

Answer 6

Sensitivity of 93.1% and specificity of 72.7%.

Question 7

What is the clinical relevance of the meningovertebral ligament (MVL) in dogs?

Kent
JAVMA 2019

Answer 7

It creates an anatomic barrier in the ventral epidural space affecting lesion shape.

Question 8

What percentage of dogs with central cord syndrome (CCS) had lesions in the C1-C5 spinal cord segments?

Ros et al
JAVMA 2022

Answer 8

88% of dogs.

Question 9

What was the most common condition associated with CCS in the study?

Ros et al
JAVMA 2022

Answer 9

Hansen type I disk herniation in 36% of dogs.

Question 10

What was the outcome for most dogs treated for CCS?

Ros et al
JAVMA 2022

Answer 10

Favorable outcome in 93% of dogs.

Question 11

What was the main objective of assessing the cutaneous trunci muscle reflex (CTR) in neurologically abnormal cats?

Paushter, Hague, et al
JFMS 2020

Answer 11

To evaluate the presence of CTR in relation to various factors.

Question 12

What percentage of neurologically abnormal cats had the CTR present?

Paushter, Hague, et al
JFMS 2020

Answer 12

64.8% of cats.

Question 13

What was found regarding the reliability of the CTR in neurologically normal cats?

Foss, Hague, Selmic
JFMS 2021

Answer 13

The CTR was elicited in 80% of cats bilaterally.

Question 14

What was the overall normal response rate of the CTMR in healthy feline subjects when performed by clinicians?

Tsai, Chang
JFMS 2022

Answer 14

Low, with only 31% to 49% normal responses depending on the method.

Question 15

What were the diagnostic allocations for the 185 records in the cervical hyperaesthesia study?

Strobel et al
JSAP 2019

Answer 15

2.7% Non-Neurologic, 2.2% Brain, Cervical Spine, Multifocal, and Chiari-like Malformation/Syringomyelia.

Question 16

What were the final diagnostic allocations of the 185 records in the study?

Strobel et al
JSAP 2019

Answer 16

• 2.7% Non-Neurologic
• 2.2% Brain
• 63.2% Cervical Spine
• 22.2% Multifocal
• 9.7% Chiari Malformation/Syringomyelia

These allocations indicate the distribution of various neurological conditions in the studied dog population.

Question 17

What were the most common diseases found in the cervical spine group?

Strobel et al
JSAP 2019

Answer 17

• Intervertebral disc extrusion
• Steroid-responsive meningitis arteritis

These diseases were prevalent in dogs diagnosed with cervical spine issues.

Question 18

What clinical signs were more frequent in dogs allocated a Multifocal diagnosis?

Strobel et al
JSAP 2019

Answer 18

• Leucocytosis
• Neutrophilia
• Monocytosis

These laboratory findings were associated with the Multifocal diagnosis in the study.

Question 19

True or False: Dogs with cervical hyperaesthesia older than 36 months were more likely to have a multi-focal disease.

Strobel et al
JSAP 2019

Answer 19

False

The study indicated that older dogs with cervical hyperaesthesia were more likely to have a cervical lesion.

Question 20

What was the median survival time for dogs diagnosed with brain tumors?

Gredal et al
JSAP 2020

Answer 20

3 days

This was significantly shorter compared to other diagnoses such as idiopathic vestibular syndrome and ischaemic stroke.

Question 21

What diagnostic methods were used to evaluate dogs with suspected stroke?

Gredal et al
JSAP 2020

Answer 21

• Neurologic examination
• Routine haematology
• Biochemistry
• Serum C-reactive protein measurement
• Plasma cytokine concentrations
• Low-field MRI

These methods were utilized to investigate the acute onset of intracranial signs in dogs.

Question 22

What is the prevalence of dorsal cervical spinal compression in dogs with atlantoaxial bands?

Kim et al
JSAP 2020

Answer 22

• 73% without tie pressure
• 84% with tie pressure

This statistic highlights the impact of endotracheal tube ties on spinal compression in small breed dogs.

Question 23

What was the objective of the study on pupillary light reflex in dogs?

Graham et al
JSAP 2020

Answer 23

To explore the use of a modified pupillometry technique in dogs without chemical restraint

This study aimed to assess pupil response in a non-invasive manner.

Question 24

What were the primary neurological findings in dogs with head tilt due to cervical spinal or paraspinal disease?

Liatis, De Decker
JSAP 2024

Answer 24

• Head tilt (100%)
• Generalised proprioceptive ataxia (40%)
• Tetraparesis (40%)
• Cervical hyperaesthesia (53%)

The study documented various neurological signs associated with cervical spinal issues.

Question 25

Fill in the blank: Bruxism in awake dogs is characterized by _______. ## Footnote Liatis et al JVIM 2022

Answer 25

[repetitive masticatory muscle activity] ## Footnote Bruxism can manifest as clenching or grinding of teeth and may indicate forebrain lesions.

Question 26

What percentage of dogs showed worse neurologic examination scores after trazodone administration? ## Footnote Lueck et al JVIM 2022

Answer 26

22% ## Footnote This percentage reflects the number of dogs that exhibited new or progressive deficits post-medication.

Question 27

What is Horner syndrome commonly associated with in canine cervical myelopathy? ## Footnote Murthy et al JVIM 2023

Answer 27

* Non-compressive disease * Intraparenchymal disease ## Footnote The presence of Horner syndrome may indicate specific underlying conditions in dogs with cervical myelopathy.

Question 28

What were the findings regarding head turns in dogs with neurological issues? ## Footnote Nagendran et al JVIM 2024

Answer 28

* 15 had head turn only * 9 had head turn and head tilt only * 12 had head turn and body turn only * 13 had head turn, head tilt, and body turn ## Footnote These findings suggest various combinations of head posture that may indicate different neurological conditions.

Question 29

What was the main conclusion regarding head turns in relation to forebrain disease? ## Footnote Nagendran et al JVIM 2024

Answer 29

A head turn is likely associated with forebrain disease but is not exclusively seen with it.

Question 30

What combinations of movements suggest neurolocalization other than the forebrain? ## Footnote Nagendran et al JVIM 2024

Answer 30

Certain combinations of head turn, head tilt, and body turn.

Question 31

What was the aim of the study on segmental reflexes in healthy dogs? ## Footnote Chiang et al JVIM 2024

Answer 31

To assess intraobserver and interobserver agreement of 8 segmental reflexes ## Footnote This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of reflex assessments in a clinical setting.

Question 32

What was the objective of the study by Chiang et al. regarding segmental reflexes in dogs? ## Footnote Chiang et al JVIM 2024

Answer 32

Measure intra- and interobserver agreement of 8 segmental reflexes in dogs without clinical evidence of orthopedic or neurologic disease.

Question 33

Which reflexes showed a high intraobserver proportion of agreement? ## Footnote Chiang et al JVIM 2024

Answer 33

Extensor carpi radialis, withdrawal, patellar, and cranial tibial reflexes.

Question 34

What was the purpose of the study by Kerns et al. on the electronic von Frey device? ## Footnote Kerns et al Vet J 2019

Answer 34

Evaluate the interobserver agreement of sensory thresholds in normal dogs.

Question 35

What was the ICC value indicating interobserver agreement in the electronic von Frey study? ## Footnote Kerns et al Vet J 2019

Answer 35

0.48, indicating moderate agreement.

Question 36

What did the study on the conus medullaris and dural sac aim to investigate? ## Footnote Khan et al Vet Rec 2019

Answer 36

The position of the conus medullaris (CM) and dural sac (DS) in dogs of varying size.

Question 37

What relationship was found between the termination point of the CM and bodyweight? ## Footnote Khan et al Vet Rec 2019

Answer 37

Statistically significant relationship (R2=0.23, P<0.05).

Question 38

What was the conclusion regarding the termination point of the DS? ## Footnote Khan et al Vet Rec 2019

Answer 38

Remains constant irrespective of dog size.

Question 39

What was the focus of the study by Grapes et al. on cervical hyperaesthesia? ## Footnote Grapes et al Vet Rec 2020

Answer 39

Evaluate whether clinical features are statistically predictive of the underlying diagnosis.

Question 40

What were the eight conditions associated with cervical hyperaesthesia? ## Footnote Grapes et al Vet Rec 2020

Answer 40

* Steroid-responsive meningitis arteritis (SRMA) * Intervertebral disc extrusion * Syringomyelia (SM) * Intervertebral disc protrusion * Neoplasia * Cervical spondylomyelopathy * Immune-mediated polyarthritis * Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology

Question 41

Which clinical features were associated with a diagnosis of SRMA? ## Footnote Grapes et al Vet Rec 2020

Answer 41

* Younger age (P=0.003) * Pyrexia (P=0.003) * Haematology abnormalities (P=0.03)

Question 42

True or False: The study found that clinical features can aid in identifying differential diagnoses in cervical hyperaesthesia. ## Footnote Grapes et al Vet Rec 2020

Answer 42

True