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Spring 24 > Anatomy Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

stuff, takes up space, solid, liquid, gas

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2
Q

Energy

A

measured by work done on matter, kinetic/potential energy, forms of energy

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3
Q

What are the different forms of energy?

A

chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant

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4
Q

What is the main form of energy in the body?

A

Chemical energy from food is ATP which is made from the mitochondria

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5
Q

Inorganic compound water

A

most abdundant, 2/3 of body weight, properties:high heat capacity, polarity, chemical reactivity, cushioning, found in blood vessels, cytoplasm, cytosol, fluid between cells

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6
Q

inorganic compound electrolytes

A

salts, dissociate into cations/anions, conduct electricity, sodium, chloride, magnesium, calcium, potassium

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7
Q

Inorganic compounds acids/bases

A

acids=release H+(proton donors), bases=have OH-(proton acceptors)

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8
Q

Carbohydrates

A

3 types- monosaccharide:glucose, blood sugar, source of energy
Disaccharide:sucrose(table sugar)
polysaccharide: glycogen

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9
Q

The stored form of glucose is

A

glycogen

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10
Q

Lipids

A

do not dissolve in polar liquids, not dissolve in nonpolar liquids
3 types:
Triglycerides: glycerol+3 fatty acids, used for energy storage, saturated/unsaturated,main energy storage of fat
Phospholipids: 2 fatty acid/1 phospholipids group, make up cell membrane, essenital part of myelin sheath
Cholesterol: steroid, 4 ringed, used to create hormones, part of cell membrane, animal products

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11
Q

What is the cell membrane composed of

A

phospholipids and cholesterol

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12
Q

Proteins

A

amino acids are building blocks for proteins, structural, regulatory, contractile, transport, immunological, catalytic

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13
Q

Cell theory

A

cell is the smallest structural/functional living unit, organismal functions depend on individual/collective cell functions

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14
Q

Human cell has 3 basic parts

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

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15
Q

Nucleus

A

not an organelle, control center and contains cellular DNA, all cells except red blood cells have nucleus, structures include envelope, nucleoli, chromatin

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16
Q

cytoplasm

A

located between plasma membrane and nucleus, has cytosol, cytoplasmic organelles, inclusions, intercellular fluid (ICF)

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17
Q

cytosol

A

water with solutes, liquid part

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18
Q

inclusions

A

granules of glycogen or pigments, liquid droplets, vacuoles, and crystals

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19
Q

golgi apparatus

A

packs proteins and fats and ships them to other parts of the cell

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20
Q

lysosomes

A

important for destruction of bacteria, viruses, toxins, and injured or non useful tissue

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21
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell, generate ATP by burning nutrients

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22
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

transports proteins to golgi apparatus, has ribosomes

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23
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

site of liquid/steroid synthesis, no ribosomes

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24
Q

ribosomes

A

attaches to rough ER, actual site of protein synthesis

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25
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

phospholipids/cholesterol, separates ECF from ICF, selectively permeable

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26
Q

Membrane proteins

A

integral, peripheral

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27
Q

integral proteins

A

firmly inserted into the membrane, transport proteins, enzymes, or receptors

28
Q

peripheral proteins

A

loesely attached to integral proteins, include filaments on intracellular surface/glycoproteins on extracellular surface, enzymes/motor proteins/cele to cell links provide support on intracellular surface

29
Q

Membrane junctions

A

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

30
Q

tight junction

A

prevents fluids and most molecules from moving between cells, held tightly together

31
Q

Desmosomes

A

rivets or spot welds that anchor cells together, very hard to rip, needs lots of force

32
Q

Gap junction

A

form pores that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell, spread of ions between cardiac or smooth muscle cells

33
Q

Cellular extensions

A

cilia, flagella, microvilli

34
Q

cilia

A

whip like, motile cellular extensions on the exposed surfaces of some cells that move substances across cell surfaces, brush stuff off the cell

35
Q

flagella

A

long cellular projections tat move the cell through the environment, sperm cell

36
Q

microvilli

A

finger like extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area for absorption

37
Q

Passive transport

A

movement down a concentration gradient, no ATP needed, high to low con. simple diffusion, can happen in nonliving cell membranes

38
Q

Active transport

A

against concentration gradient, requires ATP, low to high, can only happen in living cell membranes

39
Q

determining factors for passive transport

A

lipid solubility of substance, presence of channels of appropriate size or carrier proteins

40
Q

types of passive transport

A

simple, facilitated, osmosis, filtration

41
Q

simple diffusion

A

no polar lipid soluble (hydrophobic) substances move directly down their concentration gradient

42
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

polar water soluble (hydrophilic) substances move through via protein carriers or channels

43
Q

osmosis

A

water molecules move through via water channels(aquaporins) from the side of lesser solute to the side of greater solute concentration, water moves down the concentration gradient

44
Q

leakage channel

A

always open

45
Q

gated channels

A

chemically gated channels, voltage gated channels, mechanically gates channels

46
Q

chemically gated channels

A

open with binding of a specific neurotransmitter

47
Q

voltage gated channels

A

open and close in response to changes in membrane potential

48
Q

mechanically gated channels

A

open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors

49
Q

Hypotonic

A

solution has a lower solute, cell take water in by osmosis, cell will become bloated and burst

50
Q

isotonic

A

the solution has the same solute, cell retains normal shape and size

51
Q

hypertonic

A

the solution has higher solute, cell loses water by osmosis, cell will shrink

52
Q

filtration

A

water and solutes are forced though a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure down a pressure gradient from high pressure to low pressure

53
Q

two active processes

A

active transport, vasicular transport

54
Q

2 types of active transport

A

primary active transport, secondary active transport

55
Q

primary active transport

A

energy from hydrolysis of ATP causes shape change in transport proteins so that bound solutes are pumped across the membrane, NaK pump

56
Q

secondary active transport

A

depends on an ion gradient created by primary active transport, energy stored in ionic gradients is used indirectly to drive transport of other solutes, cotransport

57
Q

vesicular transport

A

moves large particles, macromolecules and sluid across plasma memebrane, exocytosis/endocytosis

58
Q

exocytosis

A

transport out of the cell

59
Q

endocytosis

A

transport into the cell

60
Q

resting membrane potential

A

potential energy difference measured across the plasma membrane at rest- polarized, -70mV

61
Q

ion concentration in NaK pump

A

higher concentration of K ICF and higher concentration of Na ECF

62
Q

membrane potential changes when

A

concentrations of ions across the membrane change, permeability of membrane to ions changes by opening or closing gated channels

63
Q

tonicity

A

solution ability to change the volume of its cells by altering its water content

64
Q

phagocytosis

A

endocytosis, cellular eating

65
Q

pinocytosis

A

endocytosis, cellular drinking

Spring 24 (6 decks)

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