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Spring 24 > Anatomy Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Stufy fo structure, gross macroscopic, microscopic, and developmental

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of function, why is it happening

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3
Q

Principle of complementarity

A

function always reflects the structure and what a structure can do depends on its specific form
anatomy and physiology are inseperable

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4
Q

levels of structural organization

A

bottom-
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism- top, they build on top of each other

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5
Q

chemical structural level

A

atoms and molecules

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6
Q

cellular structural level

A

cells and their organelles

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7
Q

tissue structural level

A

collection of similar cells, epithelia, connective, nervous, muscle

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8
Q

organ structural level

A

contains two or more types of tissues, skin, heart, kidney

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9
Q

organ system structural level

A

organs that work closely together, 11 systems

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10
Q

organism structural level

A

human, all organ systems

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11
Q

Integumentary system

A

forms external body coverage, creates a boundary from external environment, protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, cant absorb calcium if there is not enough vitamin D, houses receptors, sweat and oil glands, regulates temp

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12
Q

Skeletal System

A

protects and supports body organs, provides framework for muscles to attach to, all blood cells are formed within bones, stores minerals such as calcium, does not provide movement

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13
Q

muscular system

A

allows for manipulation of the environment, locomotion, facial expression, maintains posture, produces heat

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14
Q

nervous system

A

fast acting control system, responsible for responsiveness, responds to internal/external changes by activating appropriate glands/muscles, electrical impuleses

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15
Q

endocrine system

A

consists of hormone secreting glands, slow acting control system of the body, regulates processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrients

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16
Q

cardiovascular system

A

heart, blood vessels, heart pumps in to the blood vessels transports it to the organs and tissues and back to the heart, carries 02, co2, and nutrients/wastes, blood cells are found

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17
Q

lymphatic/immune system

A

picks up leaked fluid deom blood vessels/returns it to blood, disposes of debris in lymphatic system/houses white blood cells, protects from invaders/mounts the attack from foreign substances

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18
Q

respiratory system

A

keeps blood constantly supplied with o2 and removes co2, gas exchange occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

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19
Q

digestive system

A

moves food through the GI tract, breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to the body cells, undigested foodstuffs are eliminated as feces

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20
Q

urinary system

A

eliminates nitrogenous wastes, helps regulate the water, electrolytes and acid base balance

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21
Q

reproductive system

A

production of offspring, male/female sex hormones, overies/testes, mammary glands

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22
Q

8 necessary life functions

A

something your body has to do in order to live/survive
boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction,growth

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23
Q

maintaining boundaries

A

between internal/external environments, achieved by plasma membranes, heat/dehydration, cold, toxins, pathogens

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24
Q

movement

A

contractility, body parts (skeletal), blood flow (cardiac muscle), food(smooth muscles)

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25
Q

responsiveness

A

irritability, nervouse system control center, sense and respond to internal/external stimuli

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26
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of ingested food, absorption of simple molecules into the blood

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27
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in body cells, can distinguish between catabolism and anabolism

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28
Q

excretion

A

removal of wastes from metabolism/digestion, remove co2, urea, feces

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29
Q

reproduction

A

cellular division for growth/repair, production of offspring, works with growth

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30
Q

growth

A

increase in size of a body part, increase of an organism. works with reproduction

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31
Q

5 survival needs

A

must be met at all times or the body will suffer/die. something your body needs to have from the outside.
nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp, appropriate atmospheric pressure

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32
Q

nutrient/survival need

A

substances in food that promote normal growth, maintainence, and repair. major/minor nutrients

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33
Q

oxygen/survival need

A

sufficient oxygen supply at any time is essential for all cells, tissues, and organs, mitochondria needs oxygen to create ATP, respiratory and cardiovascular systems cooperate to supply all body cells with oxygen

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34
Q

regulation of body temp/survival need

A

98.6F, reflects the balance between heat production and heat loss, optimal enzyme activity occurs at this temp, increased temp denatures proteins/depresses neurons

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35
Q

water body content/survival needs

A

water is the most abundant chemical in the body, adult males-60%, adult females 50%, dehydration is a negative fluid balance

36
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

respiratory system has struggles adapting to pressure, vital for adequate breathing/gas exchange in lungs, acute mountain sickness above 8000ft

37
Q

anatomical postition

A

body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward

38
Q

Dorsal body cavity

A

protect the nervous system, vertebral cavity/cranial cavity

39
Q

vertebral cavity

A

encases spinal cord

40
Q

cranial cavity

A

encases brain

41
Q

ventral cavity

A

houses internal organs, thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity

42
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes, a dynamic state of equilibrium

43
Q

homeostatic control mechanisms

A

nervous/endocrine, involves continuious monitoring/regulation of many factors

44
Q

receptor

A

monitors the environment, provides information about the stimuli, sensory receptor, senses and responds to stimuli, sends sensory input to the control center, never changes

45
Q

control center

A

determines the set point at which a variable is maintained, receives input from receptor, determines appropriate response, analysis of sensory input,brain/spinal cord

46
Q

effector

A

receives output from control center, provides the means to respond, response acts to reduce/enhance the stimulus(feedback).
4 types of effectors are cardiac, skeletal, smooth. glands

47
Q

disturbance of homeostasis

A

increased risk of disease, changes associated with aging, allow destructive positive feedback

48
Q

negative feedback

A

reduces/shuts off the stimulus, causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, prevents sudden/severe changes in the body, most common type of feedback loop
example sweating when having a fever

49
Q

positive feedback

A

increase the actions of the body, controls infrequent events, do not require continuous adjustments, short lived, increases the stimulus
example childbirth contractions, blood clotting

50
Q

median midsagittal planes

A

plane evenly divides the head into right/left halves

51
Q

frontal coronal plane

A

divides the body into front/back halves

52
Q

transverse plane

A

divides the body into upper/lower halves

53
Q

anterior

A

front

54
Q

posterior

A

back

55
Q

ventral

A

front

56
Q

dorsal

A

back

57
Q

superior

A

towards head

58
Q

inferior

A

closer to feet

59
Q

medial

A

towards middle

60
Q

lateral

A

away from middle

61
Q

superifical

A

what you can see

62
Q

deep

A

inside the body

63
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

64
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

65
Q

proximal

A

closest to trunk
only in arms/legs

66
Q

distal

A

farthest from trunk
only in arms/legs

67
Q

prone

A

face down

68
Q

supine

A

lying face up

69
Q

cephalic

A

towards head

70
Q

caudal

A

towards tail bone

71
Q

abdominal quadrants

A

4 quadrants
right upper(RUQ), left upper (LUQ), right lower (RLQ), left lower(LLQ)

72
Q

Organs in the LUQ

A

stomach, spleen, pancreas

73
Q

Organs in the RUQ

A

Liver, Gallbladder

74
Q

Organs in LLQ

A

ovary, small/large intestines, uterus, bladder

75
Q

Organs in RLQ

A

appendix, part of colon, small intestine, ovary, uterus, bladder

76
Q

9 Abdominopelvic Regions

A

1=R Hypochondriac, 2=Epigastric, 3=L Hypochondriac, 4= R Lumbar, 5=Umbilical, 6= L Lumbar, 7=R inguinal, 8= Hypogastric, 9=L Inguinal

77
Q

Organs in R Hypochondric region

A

liver, gallbladder, right kidney, small intestine

78
Q

Organs in epigastric region

A

stomach, liver

79
Q

Organs in L Hypochondric region

A

spleen, pancrease

80
Q

Organs in R lumbar

A

gallbladder, liver

81
Q

Organs in Umbillical region

A

small intestine

82
Q

Organs in L lumbar

A

descending colon, left kidney

83
Q

Organs in R iliac region

A

appendix

84
Q

Organs in Hypogastric region

A

uterus, bladder

85
Q

Organs in L iliac

A

colon

Spring 24 (4 decks)

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