Anatomy and Physiology Semester 1 Final Flashcards
What is anatomy?
Branch of science concerned with bodily structure
What is physiology?
How the body works
Why are anatomy and physiology difficult to separate
The structure of body parts are closely related to its function
9 levels of organization (least to greatest)
Atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell ,tissue, organ, organ systems, organism
What is not a characteristic of life
Exfoliation
What is not a requirement that organism needs to sustain life
Intellect
What is homeostasis
Condition of a stable internal environment
Positive feedback
Goes away from normal state (a mom going into labor)
Negative feedback
Goes towards normal state, your body sweating to cool off
What are the five major body cavities of a human
Cranial cavity, spinal cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
What separates the thoracic cavity and the abdominal-pelvic cavity?
The diaphram
What is the purpose of serous fluid?
Secretion that provides lubrication between parietal and visceral membranes to reduce friction
What are the three major planes of the body
Transverse: upper and lower halves
Sagittal: left and right
Coronal: front and back
What are the 11 major systems of the human body
Nervous, cardiovascular, digestive, endocrines, integument, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, reproductive, urinary, respiratory
Nervous System (brain)
Controls the body; sends chemical impulses
Cardiovascular System (heart)
Circulates blood; delivers oxygen/nutrients
Digestive System (stomach)
Breaks down and absorbs food
Endocrine System
Secretes/regulates hormones
Integument System
Protects body/retain water
Skeletal System
Provide support, protection, and movement
Muscular System
Provides movement and body heat
Lymphatic System
Defends against infection/cleans fluid
Reproductive System
Produces/transports sex cells
Urinary System (kidneys)
Remove waste from blood
Respiratory System (lungs)
Exchanges gases with external environment
Three components of a homeostatic mechanism
Receptor: to detect if anything is wrong within the body
Set point: What the receptors compare to; the correct/normal state of body
Effectors: How the body deals with the conflict
What is not a major function of the integumentary system
Transmit impulses
Correct order of the major layers in the skin (outer to inner)
Epidermis, dermic, subcutaneous layer
Purpose of subcutaneous layer
Contains adipose tissue, insulation to conserve body heat
Specialized cells locates in the dermis responsible for pigmentation
Melanocytes
What affects skin color
genetic and environmental factors
What is not a major part of the nails
Nail shaft
How are meccrine (eccrine sweat glands different from apocrine sweat glands
Eccrine sweat gland are active throughout life, apocrine are active at puberty
How is healing a wound in the epidermis different from healing a wound in the dermis
The dermis involves blood vlots and scabs in the healing process
Hair composed of dead epidermal cells
Hair shaft
Living part of the hair
Hair follicle
Gland that secreates an oily mixture
Sebaceous gland
Gland that secretes a mixture of salt and water
Sweat glands
Attached to hair and contract to cause goosebumps
Arrector pili muscles
Two modified sweat glands
Mammary: milk/feed young
Ceruminous: earwax
Histology can be defined as
the study of tissues
What are the shapes of epithelial tissue
Columnar, squamous, cuboidal NOT DENSE
General characteristics of epithelial tissues
Tightly packed tissue used to protect other tissue
Asipose tissue
Stores fat
Difference between cartilage and bone
Cartilage does not heal as quickly as bone because it doesn’t have a good of a vascular system/blood supply
Major components of blood
Plasma, reb blood cells, platelets
Collagen protein
Thicker fibers that are used for strength
Elastin protein
Weaker and stretchy
General characteristics of connective tissues
Tissue that serves as. a framework of the body and helps bind structures together
General characterstics of nerbous
Tissue that uses chemical signal impulses to control the body/send messages
General characteristics of muscular tiisue
Tissues used in contractions
Three types of muscular tissues
Skeletal: voluntary and striated
Smooth: involuntary, not striated
Cardiac: involuntary and striated
What is a neurotransmitter
Chemicals released by neurons to communicate with other cells
List the five levels of organization for muscles (smallest to largest)
filaments, myofibrils, muscle fibers, fascicles, muscle
Which of the following is not a connective tissue associated with the muscular sustem
Osseous
What describes the general structure of skeletal muscle fibers
Myofibrils consisting of actin and myosin
What is the correct order of organization for muscles from smallest to largest
Filaments, myofibrils, muscle fibers, fascicles, muscle
What is neuromuscular junction
Connection between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
