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Head and Neck > Anatomy and Physiology of the Throat > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology of the Throat Flashcards

1
Q

What are some symptoms of the throat?

A

Sore throat
Dysphagia - difficulty swallowing
Odynophagia - painful swallowing
Dysphonia - hoarseness
Referred otalgia - pain going from throat to ear

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2
Q

What are the anatomical subsites of the throat?

A

Oral cavity/ mouth
Pharynx
Larynx

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3
Q

What is included in the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Hypopharynx

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4
Q

What is included in the larynx?

A

Supraglottis
Glottis
Subglottis

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5
Q

Describe the structure of the oral cavity

A

Everything anterior to tonsils and soft palate
Includes whole tongue except base - oropharynx
Contains teeth, tongue, and salivary glands

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6
Q

What is the function of the mouth/ oral cavity?

A

Mastication
Oral (first) phase of swallowing
Taste
Transforms sound generated by larynx into discernable words

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7
Q

What are the function of muscles of mastication?

A

Move the jaw as attached to mandible

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7
Q

What are the primary muscles of mastication?

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid

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7
Q

What are the secondary muscles of mastication?

A

Suprahyoid muscles - digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid
Buccinator sometimes classed as one

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8
Q

What are the primary muscles of mastication innervated by?

A

Mandibular branch of Trigeminal Nerve (CN V3)

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9
Q

Describe the tongue and its innervation

A

Has motor, sensory and special sense (taste)
Divided into anterior 2/3 innervated by inguinal nerve
Posterior 1/3 innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve

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10
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

These have no external attachment and alter the shape of tongue
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical

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11
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Have attachments outside of tongue and alter position of tongue
Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus and palatoglossus (vagus nerve)

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12
Q

What are the boundaries of the floor of the mouth?

A

Superior - oral mucosal space
Inferior - mylohyoid muscle
Anterior - mandibular gingiva (gum)
Posterior - anterior tonsillar pillars

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13
Q

What glands are on floor of the mouth?

A

Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

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14
Q

What is the function of the nasopharynx?

A

Allows air into larynx
Soft palate and uvula prevent regurgitation of food into nasopharynx on swallowing as close against posterior wall

15
Q

What is the function of oropharynx and hypopharynx?

A

Contribute to normal swallow
Allows passage of air and food, epiglottis closes on swallow, hypopharynx leads to oesophagus and resonating chamber during phonation

16
Q

What causes sensation of oropharynx and hypopharynx?

A

Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

17
Q

Describe pharyngeal constrictor muscles

A

Superior, middle and inferior
Motor supply is by vagus nerve

18
Q

Where is the larynx?

A

C3-6

19
Q

Describe the cartilages of the larynx

A

Unpaired - epiglottis, thyroid, and cricoid
Paired - arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform

20
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Flow of air between trachea and mouth - movement of vocal cords produce voice and alter pitch
Protects airway from aspiration

21
Q

How does larynx protect airway from aspiration?

A

Epiglottis closure as food directed to hypopharynx
Cough reflex

22
Q

What is the innervation of the muscles of larynx?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Except cricothyroid muscles as superior laryngeal nerve

23
Q

What innervation gives sensation of larynx?

A

Via vagus nerve
Above vocal cords (glottis and supraglottis) - superior laryngeal nerve
Below vocal cords (subglottis) - recurrent laryngeal branch

24
Q

What are the muscles of the larynx?

A

Cricothyroid, Posterior cricoarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid and thyroarytenoid

25
Q

What is the function of the cricothyroid muscle?

A

Lengthen and tense vocal cords

26
Q

What is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?

A

Abduct and externally rotate the arytenoid cartilage resulting in abducted vocal cords

27
Q

What is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle?

A

Adduct and internally rotate arytenoid cartilage which increases medial compression

28
Q

What is the function of the transverse arytenoid muscle?

A

Adduct the arytenoid cartilage resulting in adducting vocal cords

29
Q

What is the function of the oblique arytenoid muscle?

A

Narrow the laryngeal inlet by constricting distance between arytenoid cartilage

30
Q

What is the function of the thyroarytenoid muscle?

A

Narrows laryngeal inlet and shortens vocal cords
Lowering voice pitch

31
Q

What 3 main things produce recognisable voice?

A

Air flow to larynx
Vibration/ mucosal wave on vocal fold
Resonance in upper aerodigestive tract and use of pharynx, mouth, tongue, and lips to manipulate sound produced in larynx

Head and Neck (14 decks)

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