Anatomy and physiology of the nose

Question 1

What is Choanal atresia

Answer 1

Physiclaly blocked nose due to failed recanalization of the nasal fossae during oetal development

Needs prompt surgery as newborns breathe through the nose

Question 2

Which immunoglobulinas on the nose?

Answer 2

IgA and IgE

Question 3

Nasion is what?

Answer 3

Part between top of nasal bone and bottom of frontal bone

Question 4

What is the Rhinion

Answer 4

Part between nasal cartilages and the nasal bone

Question 5

What is collumella

Answer 5

part separating the 2 nose holes

Question 6

2 pairs o of lateral cartilages

Answer 6

Upper and lower (alar) lateral cartilages. Also have a septal cartilage

Question 7

nasal bone fracture putting back in place when ?

Answer 7

1 week after trauma… Time for welling to go down but within the 2 weeks it takes for the bones to set

Question 8

Nasal trauma, be aware of what?

Answer 8

Septal haematoma

Question 9

Untreated septal haematoma can lead to what?

Answer 9

Saddle nose (stops blood supply to the cartilage, cartilage dies and droops -> saddle nose)

Question 10

skin of external nose arterial supply from

Answer 10

Respiratory epithelium

Question 11

nose venous drainage

Answer 11

pterygoid plexus(?)

Question 12

What is cavernous sinus thrombosis

Answer 12

Life threatening!! Due to blood clot developing in cavernosus sinus (usually due to some sort of infection that has spread there), but it limits the blood flow out of the brain and can be fatal.

Question 13

sensory innervation of the external nose

Answer 13

trigeminal (V5)

Question 14

nose muscles

Answer 14

Nasalis

Procerous (frowny muscle)

Question 15

3 parts of nasal cavity

Answer 15

vesibule, olfactory and respiratory

Question 16

5 bones /pcartilages of the septum

Answer 16

pallitine (small at the back), maxilla (bootom), vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid and quadranular cartilage

Question 17

What is kesselsbach plexus

Answer 17

point of anastomoses of the:
-Anterior ethmoid
-Posterior ethmoid
-Sphenopalatine
-Greater Pallatine
-Superior Labal artery

on the septal nasal wall

Question 18

Posterior bleeding ususllly from eher? treatment

Answer 18

Woodruff plexus. Nasal packing

Question 19

What are paranasal sinuses? What are they lined with?

Answer 19

Ya know, the bony sinuses around the nose, lined with respiratory epithelium which has flopped over

Question 20

Frontal sinus drainiage to?

Answer 20

hiatus semilunaris *middle meatus)

Question 21

Sphemoid sinuses drainage

Answer 21

Into the spheno-ethmoidal recess

Question 22

piturity adenomas can be resected through whoh sinus?

Answer 22

Sphenoid sinus

Question 23

ethmoid sinus drainage

Answer 23

ant and middle are into the hiatus semilunaris in middle meatus via ethmoid bulla

Posterior is into the superior meatus

Question 24

Orbital cellulitis

Answer 24

Sight threatening emergency!
Acute spread of infection from ethmoid or frontal sinuses
Differentiate from pre-septal cellulitis (different causes) by clinical signs:
Proptosis, chemosis
Ophthalmoplegia
Painful eye movements
Decreased visual acuity/ loss of colour vision (red first)

Requires IV antibiotics, nasal decongestants, CT scan +/- surgical drainage

Question 25

WHat is sinusitis

Answer 25

Infection of the epithelium lining the sinuses. May or may not have polyps. Often leads to blocked nose.

Question 26

Where is the nasopharynx?

Answer 26

back of the nose (Area posterior to nasal choanae, extending down to soft palate)

Question 27

Unilateral glue ear onadults means what?

Answer 27

Nasopharyngeal mass (fossa of rosemuller) - blocks the eustachian tubes