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Head and Neck > Anatomy and Physiology of the Neck > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology of the Neck Flashcards

1
Q

what are four important bones of the head and neck?

A

Skull
Cervical vertebrae
Hyoid bone
Bones of the middle ear

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2
Q

what are the bones of the calvarium?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital

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3
Q

what are bones of the cranial base?

A

frontal, sphenoid, temporal, parietal, occipital, ethmoid

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4
Q

what are the sutures of the skull?

A

coronal suture, sagittal suture, lamboid suture

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5
Q

what fontanelle joins coronal suture and sagittal suture?

A

frontal fontanelle

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6
Q

what fontanelle joins the lamboid suture to the sagittal suture?

A

occipital fontanelle

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7
Q

what is the coronal suture?

A

The coronal suture is a dense and fibrous association of connection tissue located in between the frontal and parietal bones of the skull

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8
Q

what is the sagittal suture?

A

The sagittal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull

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9
Q

what is the lamboid suture?

A

The lambdoid suture (or lambdoidal suture) is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint on the posterior aspect of the skull that connects the parietal bones with the occipital bone.

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10
Q

what is the pterion?

A

The pterion is an H-shaped bony neurological landmark found at the junction of the frontal, sphenoid, parietal and the squamous part of temporal bone (it is an area of weakness making it suscepitible to trauma), the middle meningeal artery passes over it meaning any fractures of the skull at this point could disrupt the artery leading to an extra dural/epidural haematoma

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11
Q

At what age do sutures completely fuse?

A

20

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12
Q

what are the triangles of the neck?

A

anterior triangle
posterior triangle

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13
Q

what muscle is important in the division of the anterior and posterior triangle?

A

sternocleidomastoid

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14
Q

what is the superior border of the anterior triangle?

A

inferior border of the mandible

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15
Q

what is the lateral border of the anterior triangle?

A

anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid.

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16
Q

what is the medial border of the anterior triangle?

A

sagittal line down the midline of the neck.

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17
Q

what covers the roof of the anterior triangle?

A

Investing fascia covers the roof of the triangle

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18
Q

what covers the floor of the anterior triangle?

A

visceral fascia covers the floor.

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19
Q

what are the contents of the anterior triangle?

A

muscles, nerves, arteries, veins and lymph nodes

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20
Q

how are muscles divided in the anterior triangle?

A

where they lie in relation to the hyoid bone

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21
Q

where do the suprahyoid muscles lie?

A

superior to the hyoid bone

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22
Q

where do the infrahyoid muscles lie?

A

inferior to the hyoid bone

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23
Q

what are the suprahyoid muscles?

A

A group of four muscles located superior to the hyoid bone of the neck

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24
Q

what is the action of the suprahyoid muscles?

A

they act to elevate the hyoid bone, involved in the action of swallowing

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25
Q

what is this muscle?

A

stylohyoid

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26
Q

what is the stylohyoid muscle?

A

The stylohyoid muscle is a thin muscular strip, which is located superiorly to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle.

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27
Q

what are the attachments of the stylohyoid muscle?

A

Arises from the styloid process of the temporal bone and attaches to the lateral aspect of the hyoid bone.

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28
Q

what is this muscle?

A

digastric muscle (anterior belly)

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29
Q

what is the digastric muscle and what makes up the digastric muscle?

A

The digastric is comprised of two muscular bellies, which are connected by a tendon. In some cadaveric specimens, this tendon can be seen to pierce the stylohyoid muscle.

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30
Q

what are the attachments of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

The anterior belly arises from the digastric fossa of the mandible.

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31
Q

what are the attachments of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

The posterior belly arises from the mastoid process of the temporal bone.

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32
Q

how are the two bellies of the digastric muscle connected?

A

The two bellies are connected by an intermediate tendon, which is attached to the hyoid bone via a fibrous sling.

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33
Q

what is this muscle?

A

posterior belly of the digastric muscle

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34
Q

what is this muscle?

A

mylohyoid

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35
Q

what is the mylohyoid muscle?

A

The mylohyoid is a broad, triangular shaped muscle. It forms the floor of the oral cavity and supports the floor of the mouth.

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36
Q

what are the attachments of the mylohyoid muscle?

A

Originates from the mylohyoid line of the mandible, and attaches onto the hyoid bone.

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37
Q

what is this muscle?

A

geniohyoid

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38
Q

what is the geniohyoid muscle

A

The geniohyoid is located close to the midline of the neck, deep to the mylohyoid muscle.

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39
Q

what are the attachments of the geniohyoid muscle?

A

Arises from the inferior mental spine of the mandible. It then travels inferiorly and posteriorly to attach to the hyoid bone.

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40
Q

what is this muscle?

A

stylohyoid

41
Q

what is this muscle?

A

posterior belly of digastric muscle

42
Q

what is this muscle?

A

mylohyoid

43
Q

what is this muscle?

A

anterior belly of digastric muscle

44
Q

what are the infrahyoid muscles?

A

thyrohyoid
omohyoid (superior belly)
sternohyoid
omohyoid (inferior belly)

45
Q

Identify the infrahyoid muscles?

A
46
Q

identify the infrahyoid muscles?

A
47
Q

what are the subdivisions of the anterior triangle?

A

Muscular triangle
Carotid triangle
Submandibular triangle
Submental triangle

48
Q

what are arteries contained within the anterior triangle?

A

Common carotid
External carotid
Internal carotid artery
Superior thyroid (ECA)
Inferior thyroid artery (thyrocervical trunk)

49
Q

what are veins contained within the anterior triangle?

A

Anterior jugular veins
Internal jugular vein
Superior thyroid vein
Middle thyroid veins

50
Q

what are nerves contained within the anterior triangle?

A

Vagus nerve (CN X)
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

51
Q

what are branches of the external carotid artery?

A

Superior thyroid artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
Maxillary artery
Superficial temporal artery

52
Q

what are branches of the internal carotid artery?

A

Major branch of the common carotid artery, supplying the brain.
Arises from the common carotid at the carotid bifurcation.
Carotid sinus and carotid body at the bifurcation.

53
Q

identify the nerve, vein and arteries indicated?

A
54
Q

what are the cranial nerves in the anterior triangle?

A

facial [VII], glossopharyngeal [IX], vagus [X], accessory [XI], and hypoglossal [XII] nerves.

55
Q

what is the superior boundary of the carotid triangle?

A

Superior – posterior belly of the digastric muscle.

56
Q

what is the lateral boundary of the carotid triangle?

A

Lateral – medial border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

57
Q

what is the inferior border of the carotid triangle?

A

Inferior – superior belly of the omohyoid muscle.

58
Q

what are the main contents of the carotid triangle?

A

The main contents of the carotid triangle are the common carotid artery (which bifurcates within the carotid triangle into the external and internal carotid arteries), the internal jugular vein, and the hypoglossal and vagus nerves.

59
Q

where is the submental triangle situated?

A

The submental triangle in the neck is situated underneath the chin.

60
Q

what foes the submental triangle contain?

A

It contains the submental lymph nodes, which filter lymph draining from the floor of the mouth and parts of the tongue.

61
Q

what is the inferior border of the submental triangle?

A

Inferiorly – hyoid bone.

62
Q

what is the medial border of the submental triangle?

A

Medially – midline of the neck.

63
Q

what is the lateral border of the submental triangle?

A

Laterally – anterior belly of the digastric

64
Q

what is the floor of the submental triangle formed by?

A

the floor of the submental triangle is formed by the mylohyoid muscle, which runs from the mandible to the hyoid bone.

65
Q

where is the submandibular triangle located?

A

underneath the body of the mandible

66
Q

what does the submandibular triangle contain?

A

It contains the submandibular gland (salivary), and lymph nodes. The facial artery and vein also pass through this area.

67
Q

what is the superior boundary of the submandibular triangle?

A

Superiorly – body of the mandible.

68
Q

what is the anterior boundary of the submandibular triangle?

A

Anteriorly – anterior belly of the digastric muscle.

69
Q

what is the posterior boundary of the submandibular triangle?

A

Posteriorly – posterior belly of the digastric muscle.

70
Q

where is the muscular triangle located?

A

The muscular triangle is situated more inferiorly than the subdivisions. It is a slightly ‘dubious’ triangle, in reality having four boundaries.

71
Q

what does the muscular triangle contain?

A

the muscular triangle contains some muscles and organs – the infrahyoid muscles, the pharynx, and the thyroid, parathyroid glands.

72
Q

what are the suerior boundaries of the muscular triangle?

A

hyoid bone.

73
Q

what is the medial boundary of the muscular trisagnle?

A

imaginary midline of the neck.

74
Q

what is the supero-lateral boundary of the muscular triagnle?

A

Supero-laterally – superior belly of the omohyoid muscle.

75
Q

what is the infra-lateral boundary of the muscular triagnle?

A

infero-laterally – inferior portion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

76
Q

what is the anterior border of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Anterior – posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid.

77
Q

what is the posterior border of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

anterior border of the trapezius muscle.

78
Q

what is the inferior border of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

middle 1/3 of the clavicle.

79
Q

what is the roof of the posterior triangle formed from?

A

The roof is formed by the investing layer of fascia, and the floor is formed by the prevertebral fascia (see fascial layers of the neck).

80
Q

label the muscles in the posterior triangle of the neck?

A
81
Q

what areteries does the posteiro triangle contain?

A

Subclavian artery (third part)

82
Q

what veins does the posterior trinagle contain?

A

External jugular vein (inferior aspect)

83
Q

what nerves does the posterior triangle contain?

A

Accessory nerve (CN XI)
Branches of the cervical plexus
Upper brachial plexus

84
Q

what divides the posterior triangle into two areas?

A

The omohyoid muscle divides the posterior triangle of the neck into two areas

85
Q

what two triangles are within the posterior triangle of the neck?

A
86
Q
A
87
Q

what can the lymphatic vessels of the head and neck be divided into?

A

The lymphatic vessels of the head and neck can be divided into two major groups; superficial vessels and deep vessels.

88
Q

what are superficial lymphatic vessels?

A

The superficial vessels drain lymph from the scalp, face and neck into the superficial ring of lymph nodes at the junction of the neck and head.

89
Q

what are deep lymphatic vessels?

A

The deep lymphatic vessels of the head and neck arise from the deep cervical lymph nodes. They converge to form the left and right jugular lymphatic trunks:

Left jugular lymphatic trunk – combines with the thoracic duct at the root of the neck. This empties into the venous system via the left subclavian vein.

Right jugular lymphatic trunk – forms the right lymphatic duct at the root of the neck. This empties into the venous system via the right subclavian vein.

90
Q

left jugular lymphatic trunk?

A

combines with the thoracic duct at the root of the neck. This empties into the venous system via the left subclavian vein.

91
Q

right jugular lymphatic trunk?

A

forms the right lymphatic duct at the root of the neck. This empties into the venous system via the right subclavian vein

92
Q

where do superficial lymph nodes receive lymph from

A

scalp, face and neck, drain into deep nodes

Multiple groups:
Occipital
Pre and post auricular
Parotid
Submental
Submandibular

93
Q

where do deep lymph nodes receive lymph from?

A

Receive all of the lymph from the head and neck via superficial lymph nodes
Close proximity to the internal jugular vein within the carotid sheath.
Prelaryngeal
Pretracheal, paratracheal
Retropharyngeal
Jugulodigastric (tonsilar)

94
Q

what is the thyroid gland?

A

Butterfly shaped, vascular, red-brown endocrine gland situated in the midline of the anterior neck.

95
Q

where does the thyroid gland extend from?

A

C5-T1

96
Q

what is the thryoid gland composed of ?

A

Composed of two lobes and an isthmus that joins the lobes
Pyramidal lobe may be found at times
The largest of the endocrine glands

97
Q

what is the parathryoid gland?

A

Small, brown colored, oval glands situated in the posterior aspect of the thyroid.
Usually four glands:
Superior x2
Inferior x2

98
Q

what is the blood suppply to the thyroid gland?

A

Arterial:
Superior thyroid artery
Inferior thyroid artery
Thyroid ima

Venous:
Superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins

99
Q

what is the blood supply to the parathryoid gland?

A

Head and Neck (15 decks)

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