Anatomy and physiology of the breast and lactation Flashcards
Anatomy of the breast
Mass of ________,______, and _________ tissues
Positioned over _________ muscles
Attached to chest wall by ___________________
glandular, fatty and fibrous
pectoral
cooper’s suspensory ligament
Anatomy of the breast
Layer of _______ tissue surround breast gland
___________ tissue housed the lobules and ducts
Towards the nipples, _______ widen to form _____
fatty
Glandular
Ducts; sac
Glandular tissue houses the _________ and ________
lobules and ducts
Composition of the breast
List 8
Acini/alveoli
Lobules and lobes
Ductules and ducts
Nipples
Areola
Connective tissues
Fat
vessels
The basic unit of the breast - ”____________”
Each is surrounded by myoepithelial cells and Connective tissues
Each ductule merges into a larger ________, and Each has openings.
ALVEOLUS
duct
9-10
Development of the breast
Start from ___/52 of fetal life
Female breast begins growing at ______
Ages- _______yrs
6; puberty
10-11
Development of breast
After growth of _______________________, the next event is breast development (thelarche)
Respond to hormonal changes in puberty. Specifically _________,__________, and _____________ hormones
pubic hair (puberche)
oestrogen, progesterone and growth
Development of the breast
Effect of oestrogen - proliferation and differentiation of the _________________________
Effect of progesterone - development of __________________________
ducts and formation of ductules
lobe, lobules and alveoli
Development of breast
Growth continue until ___________, which is 1-2yr afterward
Effects more pronounced during ______
Peak at ________ phase and ______ afterward
onset of menses
menses
late luteal; regress
Physiology of lactation
__________ changes are seen in breast during menses and pronounced in __________.
Cyclical; pregnancy
Milk secreted is unavailable until the _________ _________ under the influence of __________ hormones in response to _________
alveoli contract
pituitary; suckling
Hormones involved in pberast development in pregnancy
___________ *
___________*
___________*
___________ hormones
Glucocorticoids
Epithelial growth factor
Insulin
______________________ *
Thyroid and parathyroid hormones
Oestrogen*
Progesterone*
Prolactin*
Growth hormones
Human placental lactogen
Breast is an _____crine gland that undergoes changes in pregnancy and puerperium.
Its role is to provide ___________ and _____________ to neonate
exo
nourishment and transfer antibodies
Stages in Lactation
Lactation is divided into 3 stages:
List them
Mammogenesis
Lactogenesis
Galactopoiesis
Mammogenesis= ???
Breast growth and development
Mammogenesis
Effect pronounced in ______ of pregnancy.
_______ causes growth of ductal tissue and alveoli budding
__________ responsible for optimal maturation of alveoli glands.
The following causes the glandular stem cells to differentiate into secretory and myoepithelial cells:
______,_______,________,_______,_________
1st half
Estrogen
Progesterone
Prolactin; GH; Insulin; Cortisol; EGF
Lactogenesis = ?????
Initiation of milk production
Lactogenesis
_________ is a necessary hormone for milk production.
______,_________, and ____________ block its effect until birth. There is a fall in all these hormones after delivery.
Prolactin
HPL; Estrogen and Progesterone
Prolactin is released from the __________
anterior pituitary
Prolactin’s Secreting activity is enhanced directly and indirectly by ______,_______,__________, and ____________.
_________ effort augments and maintains secretion of milk by stimulation of prolactin release.
GH, Thyroxin, Glucocorticoids and insulin.
Suckling
Prolactin bind to __________ cell receptors which stimulate synthesis of ________ of milk production.
Its level is regulated and controlled by the _____________ system.
epithelial
mRNA
dopaminergic
Galactopoesis=??
Maintenance of established milk secretion
Galactopoesis
Require ____________ and actual______ of ducts and alveoli.
Suckling of the breast stimulate the posterior pituitary to produce and release __________ in _________ manner.
periodic suckling; emptying
oxytocin; an intermittent
Oxytocin acts on the breast to cause ___________/______________ ( _______________ )
milk ejection/milk let down
GALACTOKINESIS
Oxytocin causes contraction in ____________ cells surrounding the _______ and ________ , squeezes milk into ___________.
myoepithelial
alveoli and small ducts
sub-areolar reservoirs.
Lack of release of oxytocin inhibits milk let down .
___________ and ___________ released during stress can block the release of oxytocin.
_____,________,_________, and __________ enhanced galactopoiesis
Opiates and B endorphins
GH, cortisol, thyroxin and insulin
PROLACTIN
Prolactin is elevated in:
-______thyroidism
-________ failure
-Tumours i.e. _________ (adenomas)
- ______________________ drugs i.e. antidepressant
Inhibitors of dopamine release-
- ______
-_______
Hyper; Renal; prolactinomas
Dopamine antagonist
Opiods; stress
_______________ suppresses prolactin
Bromocriptine
Oxytocin
FALL
-Pain
-Fear
-Stress
-Anxiety
-Insecurity
RISE
_________;_________
Orgasm
-Sexual stimuli
Maternal conditions delaying lactation
_________
___________
Analgesics
_________
____________
___________cysts
Stress
Caesarean section
Diabetes mellitus
Obesity
PCOS
Theca lutein
Maternal Conditions preventing lactation
Breast pain
Sub-areolar abscess
Breast engorgement
Mastitis
Milk stasis
Nipple pain
breast candidiasis
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