Anatomy and physiology of the breast and lactation

Question 1

Anatomy of the breast

Mass of ________,______, and _________ tissues

Positioned over _________ muscles

Attached to chest wall by ___________________

Answer 1

glandular, fatty and fibrous

pectoral

cooper’s suspensory ligament

Question 2

Anatomy of the breast

Layer of _______ tissue surround breast gland
___________ tissue housed the lobules and ducts
Towards the nipples, _______ widen to form _____

Answer 2

fatty

Glandular

Ducts; sac

Question 3

Glandular tissue houses the _________ and ________

Answer 3

lobules and ducts

Question 4

Composition of the breast

List 8

Answer 4

Acini/alveoli
Lobules and lobes
Ductules and ducts
Nipples
Areola
Connective tissues
Fat
vessels

Question 5

The basic unit of the breast - ”____________”

Each is surrounded by myoepithelial cells and Connective tissues

Each ductule merges into a larger ________, and Each has openings.

Answer 5

ALVEOLUS

duct

9-10

Question 6

Development of the breast

Start from ___/52 of fetal life

Female breast begins growing at ______
Ages- _______yrs

Answer 6

6; puberty

10-11

Question 7

Development of breast

After growth of _______________________, the next event is breast development (thelarche)

Respond to hormonal changes in puberty. Specifically _________,__________, and _____________ hormones

Answer 7

pubic hair (puberche)

oestrogen, progesterone and growth

Question 8

Development of the breast

Effect of oestrogen - proliferation and differentiation of the _________________________

Effect of progesterone - development of __________________________

Answer 8

ducts and formation of ductules

lobe, lobules and alveoli

Question 9

Development of breast

Growth continue until ___________, which is 1-2yr afterward

Effects more pronounced during ______
Peak at ________ phase and ______ afterward

Answer 9

onset of menses

menses

late luteal; regress

Question 10

Physiology of lactation

__________ changes are seen in breast during menses and pronounced in __________.

Answer 10

Cyclical; pregnancy

Question 11

Milk secreted is unavailable until the _________ _________ under the influence of __________ hormones in response to _________

Answer 11

alveoli contract

pituitary; suckling

Question 12

Hormones involved in pberast development in pregnancy

___________ *
___________*
___________*
___________ hormones
Glucocorticoids
Epithelial growth factor
Insulin
______________________ *
Thyroid and parathyroid hormones

Answer 12

Oestrogen*
Progesterone*
Prolactin*
Growth hormones

Human placental lactogen

Question 13

Breast is an _____crine gland that undergoes changes in pregnancy and puerperium.
Its role is to provide ___________ and _____________ to neonate

Answer 13

exo

nourishment and transfer antibodies

Question 14

Stages in Lactation

Lactation is divided into 3 stages:

List them

Answer 14

Mammogenesis

Lactogenesis

Galactopoiesis

Question 15

Mammogenesis= ???

Answer 15

Breast growth and development

Question 16

Mammogenesis

Effect pronounced in ______ of pregnancy.

_______ causes growth of ductal tissue and alveoli budding

__________ responsible for optimal maturation of alveoli glands.

The following causes the glandular stem cells to differentiate into secretory and myoepithelial cells:
______,_______,________,_______,_________

Answer 16

1st half

Estrogen

Progesterone

Prolactin; GH; Insulin; Cortisol; EGF

Question 17

Lactogenesis = ?????

Answer 17

Initiation of milk production

Question 18

Lactogenesis

_________ is a necessary hormone for milk production.

______,_________, and ____________ block its effect until birth. There is a fall in all these hormones after delivery.

Answer 18

Prolactin

HPL; Estrogen and Progesterone

Question 19

Prolactin is released from the __________

Answer 19

anterior pituitary

Question 20

Prolactin’s Secreting activity is enhanced directly and indirectly by ______,_______,__________, and ____________.

_________ effort augments and maintains secretion of milk by stimulation of prolactin release.

Answer 20

GH, Thyroxin, Glucocorticoids and insulin.

Suckling

Question 21

Prolactin bind to __________ cell receptors which stimulate synthesis of ________ of milk production.

Its level is regulated and controlled by the _____________ system.

Answer 21

epithelial

mRNA

dopaminergic

Question 22

Galactopoesis=??

Answer 22

Maintenance of established milk secretion

Question 23

Galactopoesis

Require ____________ and actual______ of ducts and alveoli.

Suckling of the breast stimulate the posterior pituitary to produce and release __________ in _________ manner.

Answer 23

periodic suckling; emptying

oxytocin; an intermittent

Question 24

Oxytocin acts on the breast to cause ___________/______________ ( _______________ )

Answer 24

milk ejection/milk let down

GALACTOKINESIS

Question 25

Oxytocin causes contraction in ____________ cells surrounding the _______ and ________ , squeezes milk into ___________.

Answer 25

myoepithelial

alveoli and small ducts

sub-areolar reservoirs.

Question 26

Lack of release of oxytocin inhibits milk let down .

___________ and ___________ released during stress can block the release of oxytocin.

_____,________,_________, and __________ enhanced galactopoiesis

Answer 26

Opiates and B endorphins

GH, cortisol, thyroxin and insulin

Question 27

PROLACTIN

Prolactin is elevated in:
-______thyroidism
-________ failure
-Tumours i.e. _________ (adenomas)
- ______________________ drugs i.e. antidepressant

Inhibitors of dopamine release-
- ______
-_______

Answer 27

Hyper; Renal; prolactinomas

Dopamine antagonist

Opiods; stress

Question 28

_______________ suppresses prolactin

Answer 28

Bromocriptine

Question 29

Oxytocin
FALL
-Pain
-Fear
-Stress
-Anxiety
-Insecurity
RISE
_________;_________

Answer 29

Orgasm
-Sexual stimuli

Question 30

Maternal conditions delaying lactation

_________
___________
Analgesics
_________
____________
___________cysts
Stress

Answer 30

Caesarean section
Diabetes mellitus

Obesity
PCOS

Theca lutein

Question 31

Maternal Conditions preventing lactation

Breast pain
Sub-areolar abscess
Breast engorgement
Mastitis
Milk stasis
Nipple pain
breast candidiasis

Answer 31

Learn 🏃‍♂️