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Opthalmology > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 7 features of the optic system:

A
  1. High Resolution
  2. Wide Field
  3. Ocular Movement
  4. Stereopsis
  5. Colour representation
  6. Integration of the above
  7. Interpretation
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2
Q

What are the 3 external layers of the globe?

A
  1. Sclera and cornea
  2. Uvea
  3. Retina
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3
Q

What is the sclera continuous with anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

Anterior: with the cornea at the limbus

Posteriorly: Dural sheath of the optoc nerve

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4
Q

What is the Uvea made of?

A
  1. The iris,ciliary body and the choroid
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5
Q

What is the optic disk and why is it important?

A

It is the blind spot of the eye-the retina and choroid are absent in this area

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6
Q

What does the anterior segment of the globe consist of?

A
  1. cornea
  2. anterior and posterior chambers
  3. iris and ciliary body
  4. lens and zonules
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7
Q

What is the posterior segment of the globe of the eye?

A
  1. Sclera
  2. choroid
  3. retina
  4. optic disc
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8
Q

Name the general anatomy of the eye

A
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9
Q

What are the 3 types of refractive error?

A
  1. Myopia
  2. Hypermetropia
  3. Astigmatism
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10
Q

What is another name for the lateral geniculate body?

A

Thalamus

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11
Q

What is the place called where the two optic nerves join together?

A

The optic chiasm

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12
Q

Where is the visual field located?

A

In the occipital lobe

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13
Q

What is cranial nerve 3?

A

Oculomotor nerve

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14
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation do to the pupil?

A

It constricts the pupil(relaxed state)

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15
Q

How many types of photoreceptors are there? Name them:

A

Theres 5

Bipolar cell and Ganglion cel- NB for providing transmission from the retina to the brain

Horrizotal and Amacrine cells

Rods and cones cells-Rods are for monochromatic sight and cones are for colour

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16
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

This is when the lens loses its refractive power as people get older >40 yrs

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17
Q

Define refraction:

A

The bending of light as it crosses through the interface between two media of two optical densities

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18
Q

What is physiological myopia?

A
  • Low grade myopia
  • Slowly progresses to adult and then become static
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19
Q

Define Pathological myopia:

A
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20
Q

What are the symptoms of myopes?

A

They have got bad distance vision but good near vision

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21
Q

What sort of treatment do myopes need?

A

They need a concave spectacle or contact lens

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22
Q

What is the definition of hypermetropia?

A

Hypermetropia is defined as long-sightedness. It is when the axial lengthn of the eye is too short for the normal refractive power of the anterior segment

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23
Q

Describe what refractive error that is

A

Myopia

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24
Q

What are the 2 symptoms of eye strain?

A

Headache and eye discomfort

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25
Q

Hypermetropia is commonly associated with?

A

Strabismus

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26
Q

Define astigmatism?

A

Astigmatism is defined as when the corneal curvature is not the same and thus does not have the same refractive power in all directions(shaped more like a rugby ball than a soccer ball)

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27
Q

Patients with Astigmatism have lurry vision at____

A

At all distances

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28
Q

If the patients Visual Acuity imroves with the use of a pinhole then:

A

It points to the patient possibly having a refractive error

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29
Q

What are the 5 different types of refractive surgery?

A
  1. Refractive Lens Exchange
  2. Radial keratotomy
  3. Astigmatic keratotomy
  4. Photorefractive keratotomy
  5. Lasik
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30
Q

What is the principle that repairs myopia?

A

We try to flatten the cornea because it is too wide and thus the refractive power is too strong that it ends up in front of the retina

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31
Q

What is the principle that governs the surgical repair of hypermytropia?

A

This involves making the cornea more wide by putting in circular gutter in the mid-periphery

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32
Q

What is cranial nerve II?

A

The optic nerve

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33
Q

What is cranial nerve V?

A

Trigeminal Nerve

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34
Q

Another name for External Hordeolum?

A

Stye

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35
Q

What do external hordeolum’s present with?

A
  • Tender
  • Inflamation at the eyelid margin
  • Spontaneus resolution with/without drainage
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36
Q

What is the treatment for External Hordeolum?

A
  1. Remove the affected eyelash
  2. local antibiotic
  3. warm compress
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37
Q

What does this picture depict?

A

External Hordeolum

38
Q

What does this picture depict?

A

Internal Hordeolum

39
Q

What is depicted in the image below?

A

Chalazion(Meibomian Cyst)

40
Q

What is this?

A

Blepharitis

41
Q

What are the aetiological factors associated with chronic blepharitis?

A
  • Staphylococcocal infection fo the eyelash follicles
  • Abnormal secretions from the tarsal glands
42
Q

What other medical conditions is chronic blephoratis associated ?

A
  • Seborrheic dermatitis
  • acne
  • atopic exzema
  • dry eyes
    *
43
Q

What are the complications of chronic blepharitis?

A
  • recurrent conjunctivitis
  • internal/external hordeola
  • chalazia
44
Q

How long does it take to treat chronic blepharitis

A

1-3 months

45
Q

Regarding the treatment of blepharitis of the eyes/eyelid, what AB could we use?

A

Fucidic acid cream or systemic tetracyclines

46
Q

What is this?

A

Molluscum Contagiosum in AIDS patient

47
Q

Describe Molluscum Contagiosum:

A

Rased pink/white nodules on the eyelid of the skin with central umbilication

48
Q

What is described in the picture below?

A

Entropion

49
Q

What are the complications of entropion?

A

The eyelash hairs are inverted into the conjunctiva and scratches the cornea and causes irritation and epithelial damage

50
Q

Describe what is happening in this image:

A
  • Ectropion
51
Q

Because the lower lid no longer guides tear flow to the _______-, it is often associated with epiphora.

A

Inferior punctum

52
Q

What does epiphora mean?

A

The excessive watering of the eye

53
Q

What is this condition called?

A

Ptosis

54
Q

What are the aetiological classes of ptosis?

A
  • mechanical-odema or tumour in eyelid
  • involution-as a result of aging
  • myogenic-myasthenia gravis and congenital dystrophy
  • neurogenic-cranial nerve III paralysis and Horners syndrome
55
Q

When must we take ptosis seriosly?

A
  • When it’s a recent onset especially due oculomotor paralysis
  • When it involves a child under the age of 8-can lead amblyopia(lazy eye)
56
Q

Describe this condition

A

Dermatochalasis- This happens as people age and the eyelid skin gets loose. Surgical removal of the skin is NB

57
Q

What is xanthelasma associated with?

A

Hyperlipidaemia and usually occurs on the medial canthus

58
Q

Basal cell carcinoma?

A

The most common primary malignancy of the eyelid mainly in older patients.

59
Q

Squamous Cell carcinoma?

A

The second most common type of tumour of the eyelid-more common in patents with HIV/AIDS

60
Q

Describe Kaposi’s sarcoma:

A

Red, elevated tumour of the conjunctiva and eyelids in AIDS patients

61
Q

What is the most importnant function of the endothelium in the cornea?

A

It allows drainage of water from the stroma to the aqueous humour to prevent corneal odeoma

62
Q

How many layers is the cornea comprised of?

A

5 layers

  1. Epithelium
  2. Basement Layer
  3. Stroma
  4. Descemet’s layer
  5. Endothelium
63
Q

The corneal epithelium is supplied with a rich network of sensory nerve fibres from the_________________

A

Ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve

64
Q

What can we use to stain epithelial ulcers?

A

Florescein stains

65
Q

What are some of the signs and symptoms of corneal ulceration and infiltration?

A
  1. redness
  2. blephoraspasm
  3. tearing
  4. pain
  5. photophobia
  6. reduced vision
  7. halos around ligts
66
Q

What is an important principle from this picture we must remeber?

A

Testing of corneal sensation and comparison with healthy eye is NB.

Make sure we do not take from the sick eye and place in the healthy eye

67
Q

The lesion in the central corneas mean:

A

That it is infected by bacteria, fungi and viruses

68
Q

The peripheral zone of the cornea means that it leads to:

A

Immune complexes and is much safer

69
Q

When must you refer a patient with corneal ulceration to an opthalmologist?

A
  1. The presence of a hyppyon regardless of the cause
  2. Any discrete lesion that does stain with fluorescein
  3. Any corneal lesion that leads to a decrease in visual acuity
70
Q

What are the organisms of baceterial keratitis that can penetrate the corneal epithelium without any trauma?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoea

Neisseria meningitidis

Coynebacterium diptheriae

71
Q

What are the 3 most commonest organsims that cause bacterial ulceration?

A
  1. streptococcus pneumoniae
  2. preudomonas
  3. staphylococcus aureus and epidermis
72
Q

corneal opacification happens when_____

A

corneal ulceration is not detected and picked up early enough

73
Q

What is the management of bacterial keratits?

A
  1. washing eyes off with saline drops
  2. Cycloplegic drops to stop the ciliary spasm pain
  3. Local antibiotic drops
    4.
74
Q

What are the AB drops we use to treat bacterial keratitis?

A

4th generation fluoroquinolones-moxifloxacin

or 2nd/3rd generation fluoroquinolones-ciprofloxacin

75
Q

What are the complications bacterial keratitis?

A
  1. permanent corneal thinning
  2. permanent corneal opacification
  3. corneal perforation
  4. anterior uveitis with hyppyon
76
Q

What causes fungal keratitis?

A

After interaction with animals or plants

77
Q

What are the clinical features of fungal keratits?

A

The eye is red and inflamed

satellite lesions

A hypopyon with funas is usually inside

78
Q

What is the treatment for fungal keratitis?

A

Amphotericin B topically for 3 months

Systemic fluconazole for 3 months

79
Q

What is primary herpes simplex keratoconjunctivitis?

A

It is a virus that affects mostly young adults and children

They present with low malaise, typical vesicular skin rash on the eyelids and pdendritic keratitis

80
Q

How does recurrent herpes simplex virus present?

A

With irritation, tearing and moderate photophobia

The signs include a dendritic ulcer becoming a geographic ulcer

And the loss of corneal sensation

81
Q

What is the treatment of viral keratitis?

A

Acyclovir ointment 5 times a day

Cyclopegia

82
Q

Explain the disciform keratitis manifestation?

A

It is a complication fo herpes simplex keratoconjuncitivits

It presents with a round,dull area of corneal oedema due to an immune response-the patients vision is dramatically reduced

83
Q

What is this picture assocaited with?

A

Herpes zoster opthalmicus associated with involvement with the opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve

84
Q

The appearance of Hutchinsons sign means that:

A

There is ocular involvement because of the nasociliary nerve

85
Q

Peripheral corneal ulceration andthinning is caused by:

A

Antigen-antiibody reaction

86
Q

What collagen vascular disease is associated with peripheral ulceration and corneal thinning?

A

Rheuatoid arthritis

87
Q

What are phlyctenulosis caused by?

A

They are caused by delayed hypersensitivity to bacterial antigens. In SA, TB is the most common reason in other areas it is staphylococcus

88
Q

Neurotropic corneal ulceration is when:

A

due to the opthalmic division, there is loss of corneal sensation

89
Q

What is tarsorrhaphy?

A

Early temporary or permanent closure of the eyelid

90
Q

Which pt’s doe exposure keratopathy happen to?

A
  1. unconscious
  2. under anaesthesia
  3. exophthalmos
  4. severe ectropion
  5. bells palsy with lagophthalmos
91
Q

What is keratoconus?

A

Weakening of the corneal stroma which causes thinning and bulging of the central and inferior paracentral cornea

Opthalmology (12 decks)

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