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Opthalmology > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 7 features of the optic system:

A
  1. High Resolution
  2. Wide Field
  3. Ocular Movement
  4. Stereopsis
  5. Colour representation
  6. Integration of the above
  7. Interpretation
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2
Q

What are the 3 external layers of the globe?

A
  1. Sclera and cornea
  2. Uvea
  3. Retina
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3
Q

What is the sclera continuous with anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

Anterior: with the cornea at the limbus

Posteriorly: Dural sheath of the optoc nerve

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4
Q

What is the Uvea made of?

A
  1. The iris,ciliary body and the choroid
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5
Q

What is the optic disk and why is it important?

A

It is the blind spot of the eye-the retina and choroid are absent in this area

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6
Q

What does the anterior segment of the globe consist of?

A
  1. cornea
  2. anterior and posterior chambers
  3. iris and ciliary body
  4. lens and zonules
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7
Q

What is the posterior segment of the globe of the eye?

A
  1. Sclera
  2. choroid
  3. retina
  4. optic disc
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8
Q

Name the general anatomy of the eye

A
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9
Q

What are the 3 types of refractive error?

A
  1. Myopia
  2. Hypermetropia
  3. Astigmatism
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10
Q

What is another name for the lateral geniculate body?

A

Thalamus

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11
Q

What is the place called where the two optic nerves join together?

A

The optic chiasm

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12
Q

Where is the visual field located?

A

In the occipital lobe

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13
Q

What is cranial nerve 3?

A

Oculomotor nerve

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14
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation do to the pupil?

A

It constricts the pupil(relaxed state)

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15
Q

How many types of photoreceptors are there? Name them:

A

Theres 5

Bipolar cell and Ganglion cel- NB for providing transmission from the retina to the brain

Horrizotal and Amacrine cells

Rods and cones cells-Rods are for monochromatic sight and cones are for colour

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16
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

This is when the lens loses its refractive power as people get older >40 yrs

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17
Q

Define refraction:

A

The bending of light as it crosses through the interface between two media of two optical densities

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18
Q

What is physiological myopia?

A
  • Low grade myopia
  • Slowly progresses to adult and then become static
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19
Q

Define Pathological myopia:

A
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20
Q

What are the symptoms of myopes?

A

They have got bad distance vision but good near vision

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21
Q

What sort of treatment do myopes need?

A

They need a concave spectacle or contact lens

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22
Q

What is the definition of hypermetropia?

A

Hypermetropia is defined as long-sightedness. It is when the axial lengthn of the eye is too short for the normal refractive power of the anterior segment

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23
Q

Describe what refractive error that is

A

Myopia

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24
Q

What are the 2 symptoms of eye strain?

A

Headache and eye discomfort

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25
Hypermetropia is commonly associated with?
Strabismus
26
Define astigmatism?
Astigmatism is defined as when the corneal curvature is not the same and thus does not have the same refractive power in all directions(shaped more like a rugby ball than a soccer ball)
27
Patients with Astigmatism have lurry vision at\_\_\_\_
At all distances
28
If the patients Visual Acuity imroves with the use of a pinhole then:
It points to the patient possibly having a refractive error
29
What are the 5 different types of refractive surgery?
1. Refractive Lens Exchange 2. Radial keratotomy 3. Astigmatic keratotomy 4. Photorefractive keratotomy 5. Lasik
30
What is the principle that repairs myopia?
We try to flatten the cornea because it is too wide and thus the refractive power is too strong that it ends up in front of the retina
31
What is the principle that governs the surgical repair of hypermytropia?
This involves making the cornea more wide by putting in circular gutter in the mid-periphery
32
What is cranial nerve II?
The optic nerve
33
What is cranial nerve V?
Trigeminal Nerve
34
Another name for External Hordeolum?
Stye
35
What do external hordeolum's present with?
* Tender * Inflamation at the eyelid margin * Spontaneus resolution with/without drainage
36
What is the treatment for External Hordeolum?
1. Remove the affected eyelash 2. local antibiotic 3. warm compress
37
What does this picture depict?
External Hordeolum
38
What does this picture depict?
Internal Hordeolum
39
What is depicted in the image below?
Chalazion(Meibomian Cyst)
40
What is this?
Blepharitis
41
What are the aetiological factors associated with chronic blepharitis?
* Staphylococcocal infection fo the eyelash follicles * Abnormal secretions from the tarsal glands
42
What other medical conditions is chronic blephoratis associated ?
* Seborrheic dermatitis * acne * atopic exzema * dry eyes *
43
What are the complications of chronic blepharitis?
* recurrent conjunctivitis * internal/external hordeola * chalazia
44
How long does it take to treat chronic blepharitis
1-3 months
45
Regarding the treatment of blepharitis of the eyes/eyelid, what AB could we use?
Fucidic acid cream or systemic tetracyclines
46
What is this?
Molluscum Contagiosum in AIDS patient
47
Describe Molluscum Contagiosum:
Rased pink/white nodules on the eyelid of the skin with central umbilication
48
What is described in the picture below?
Entropion
49
What are the complications of entropion?
The eyelash hairs are inverted into the conjunctiva and scratches the cornea and causes irritation and epithelial damage
50
Describe what is happening in this image:
* Ectropion
51
Because the lower lid no longer guides tear flow to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_-, it is often associated with epiphora.
Inferior punctum
52
What does epiphora mean?
The excessive watering of the eye
53
What is this condition called?
Ptosis
54
What are the aetiological classes of ptosis?
* mechanical-odema or tumour in eyelid * involution-as a result of aging * myogenic-myasthenia gravis and congenital dystrophy * neurogenic-cranial nerve III paralysis and Horners syndrome
55
When must we take ptosis seriosly?
* When it's a recent onset especially due oculomotor paralysis * When it involves a child under the age of 8-can lead amblyopia(lazy eye)
56
Describe this condition
Dermatochalasis- This happens as people age and the eyelid skin gets loose. Surgical removal of the skin is NB
57
What is xanthelasma associated with?
Hyperlipidaemia and usually occurs on the medial canthus
58
Basal cell carcinoma?
The most common primary malignancy of the eyelid mainly in older patients.
59
Squamous Cell carcinoma?
The second most common type of tumour of the eyelid-more common in patents with HIV/AIDS
60
Describe Kaposi's sarcoma:
Red, elevated tumour of the conjunctiva and eyelids in AIDS patients
61
What is the most importnant function of the endothelium in the cornea?
It allows drainage of water from the stroma to the aqueous humour to prevent corneal odeoma
62
How many layers is the cornea comprised of?
5 layers 1. Epithelium 2. Basement Layer 3. Stroma 4. Descemet's layer 5. Endothelium
63
The corneal epithelium is supplied with a rich network of sensory nerve fibres from the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve
64
What can we use to stain epithelial ulcers?
Florescein stains
65
What are some of the signs and symptoms of corneal ulceration and infiltration?
1. redness 2. blephoraspasm 3. tearing 4. pain 5. photophobia 6. reduced vision 7. halos around ligts
66
What is an important principle from this picture we must remeber?
Testing of corneal sensation and comparison with healthy eye is NB. Make sure we do not take from the sick eye and place in the healthy eye
67
The lesion in the central corneas mean:
That it is infected by bacteria, fungi and viruses
68
The peripheral zone of the cornea means that it leads to:
Immune complexes and is much safer
69
When must you refer a patient with corneal ulceration to an opthalmologist?
1. The presence of a hyppyon regardless of the cause 2. Any discrete lesion that does stain with fluorescein 3. Any corneal lesion that leads to a decrease in visual acuity
70
What are the organisms of baceterial keratitis that can penetrate the corneal epithelium without any trauma?
Neisseria gonorrhoea Neisseria meningitidis Coynebacterium diptheriae
71
What are the 3 most commonest organsims that cause bacterial ulceration?
1. streptococcus pneumoniae 2. preudomonas 3. staphylococcus aureus and epidermis
72
corneal opacification happens when\_\_\_\_\_
corneal ulceration is not detected and picked up early enough
73
What is the management of bacterial keratits?
1. washing eyes off with saline drops 2. Cycloplegic drops to stop the ciliary spasm pain 3. Local antibiotic drops 4.
74
What are the AB drops we use to treat bacterial keratitis?
4th generation fluoroquinolones-moxifloxacin or 2nd/3rd generation fluoroquinolones-ciprofloxacin
75
What are the complications bacterial keratitis?
1. permanent corneal thinning 2. permanent corneal opacification 3. corneal perforation 4. anterior uveitis with hyppyon
76
What causes fungal keratitis?
After interaction with animals or plants
77
What are the clinical features of fungal keratits?
The eye is red and inflamed satellite lesions A hypopyon with funas is usually inside
78
What is the treatment for fungal keratitis?
Amphotericin B topically for 3 months Systemic fluconazole for 3 months
79
What is primary herpes simplex keratoconjunctivitis?
It is a virus that affects mostly young adults and children They present with low malaise, typical vesicular skin rash on the eyelids and pdendritic keratitis
80
How does recurrent herpes simplex virus present?
With irritation, tearing and moderate photophobia The signs include a dendritic ulcer becoming a geographic ulcer And the loss of corneal sensation
81
What is the treatment of viral keratitis?
Acyclovir ointment 5 times a day Cyclopegia
82
Explain the disciform keratitis manifestation?
It is a complication fo herpes simplex keratoconjuncitivits It presents with a round,dull area of corneal oedema due to an immune response-the patients vision is dramatically reduced
83
What is this picture assocaited with?
Herpes zoster opthalmicus associated with involvement with the opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve
84
The appearance of Hutchinsons sign means that:
There is ocular involvement because of the nasociliary nerve
85
Peripheral corneal ulceration andthinning is caused by:
Antigen-antiibody reaction
86
What collagen vascular disease is associated with peripheral ulceration and corneal thinning?
Rheuatoid arthritis
87
What are phlyctenulosis caused by?
They are caused by delayed hypersensitivity to bacterial antigens. In SA, TB is the most common reason in other areas it is staphylococcus
88
Neurotropic corneal ulceration is when:
due to the opthalmic division, there is loss of corneal sensation
89
What is tarsorrhaphy?
Early temporary or permanent closure of the eyelid
90
Which pt's doe exposure keratopathy happen to?
1. unconscious 2. under anaesthesia 3. exophthalmos 4. severe ectropion 5. bells palsy with lagophthalmos
91
What is keratoconus?
Weakening of the corneal stroma which causes thinning and bulging of the central and inferior paracentral cornea

Opthalmology (12 decks)

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