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Praxis/Comps > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two branches of the vagus nerve (X) that innervate muscles of phonation and what does each branch innervate

A

Superior laryngeal nerve- internal branch provides all sensory information to the larynx and the external branch supplies motor innervation solely to the cricothyroid muscle.

Recurrent laryngeal nerve- The recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies all motor innervation to the interarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles

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2
Q

Name the muscle primarily involved in vocal fold abduction

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid

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3
Q

Name the intrinsic laryngeal muscles involved in vocal fold adduction

A

lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid

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4
Q

The lateral cricoarytenoid muscles are involved in ______.

A

Medial compression of the vocal folds

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5
Q

What is the action of the oblique and transverse arytenoid muscles?

A

Pull the arytenoids closer together

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6
Q

Name the laryngeal elevator muscles

A

digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, hyoglossus, and genioglossus

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7
Q

Name the laryngeal depressors or infrahyoid muscles

A

thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, and sternohyoid

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8
Q

The three layers of the vocal folds are

A

Cover - Epithelium and superficial layer of the lamina propria
Body - the two remaining layers of lamina propria (consisting of the medial, and deep layers)
Muscle - the vocalis muscle

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9
Q

What is the function of the aryepiglottic folds and where are they?

A

Tips of the arytenoids to the larynx. They separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway.

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10
Q

What do the ventricular folds/false vocal folds do?

A

Vibrate at very low frequencies; not during phonation in a normal speaker. They compress during coughing or lifting heavy items

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11
Q

Explain the myoelastic/aerodynamic theory

A

Vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the vocal folds. Air flowing out of the lungs is stopped by the close (or nearly closed) vocal folds. Subglottal air pressure blows the folds apart. Pressure between folds decreases as the air blows through (Bernoulli effect) and the folds are sucked together. Subglottal air pressure builds up again.

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12
Q

Aside from the nasal sounds in English, the velum is _____ and ____ during speech

A

elevated and retracted

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13
Q

Name all the pharyngeal muscles you can think of!

A

Salpingopharyngeus
Stylopharyngeus
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor, cricopharyngeus
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor, thyropharyngeus

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14
Q

Function of salpingopharyngeus

A

Elevates the lateral pharyngeal wall

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15
Q

Function of stylopharyngeus

A

elevates and opens pharynx

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16
Q

Function of superior pharyngeal constrictor

A

Constricts pharyngeal diameter, pulls pharyngeal wall forward

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17
Q

Function of middle pharyngeal constrictor

A

Narrows the diameter of the pharynx

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18
Q

Function of crocopharyngeus

A

Constricts superior orifice of esophagus

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19
Q

Function of thyropharyngeus

A

Reduces diameter of the lower pharynx

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20
Q

Function of levator veli palatini

A

Primary elevator of the velum

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21
Q

Function of the tensor veli palatini

A

tenses velum, dilates eustachian tube

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22
Q

Function of the palatoglossus

A

Elevates and depresses velum

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23
Q

Function of palatopharyngeus

A

Narrows pharyngeal cavity, lowers velum, may assist in elevating larynx

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24
Q

What muscles are involved in the oral stage of the normal swallow?

A

Muscles of the face: orbicularis oris, risorius, buccinator, levator/depressors labii
Muscles of mastication: masseter, temporalis (chewing), lateral/medial pterygoids, internal muscles of the tongue- vertical, longitudinal, transverse, external muscles of the tongue- genioglossus, geniohyoid, hypoglossus, styloglossus

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25
Q

Which muscles are involved in velar elevation?

A

Levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini

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26
Q

What muscles are involved in laryngeal elevation?

A

Mylohyoid, stylohyoid, genioglossus

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27
Q

What muscles are involved in pharyngeal propulsion?

A

Super, medial, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors

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28
Q

What higher neural centers are involved in the normal swallow?

A

Thalamus, basal ganglia, cortex, cerebellum

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29
Q

Hyoid bone connects to thyroid cartilage by the ____ ligament

A

Thyrohyoid

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30
Q

Describe the location of the crycoarytenoid joints and what function they contribute to and what type of joint they are

A

Connect concave base of the arytenoids and convex superior surface of the quadrate lamina. Control VF adduction and abduction.

Synovial diarthrodial joint

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31
Q

Describe the location of the cricothyroid joints and what function they contribute to

A

Where inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage connect to articular facets of the cricoid cartilage
Synovial joint
Controls vocal pitch

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32
Q

Location and function of the lateral cricoarytenoids

A

Superior lateral portion of the cricoid to anterior lateral surface of the muscular processes. Swing vocal processes medially and downward, closing the membranous glottis (adduction).
Stiffens all layers of the vocal folds.

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33
Q

Location and function of the interarytenoids

A

Between posterior surfaces of the arytenoids.
Transverse fibers are a sheet of muscle from the lateral posterior margin to the back of arytenoids
Oblique fibers are from the base of one arytenoid to the apex of the other
Pull arytenoids medially and towards each other, closing the cartilaginous glottis

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34
Q

Location and function of the posterior cricoarytenoids

A

Quadrate lamina upwards to muscular processes

When contracted, rotate vocal processes laterally and upward, opening the vocal folds

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35
Q

Location and function of the cricothyroid muscle (pars recta and pars oblique)

A

Pars recta- lateral margin of cricoid vertically to inferior surface of thyroid lamina
Pars oblique- lateral margin of the cricoid obliquely to anterior surface of inferior horn of the thyroid
When contracted, tilt thyroid down to cricoid or cricoid up to the thyroid
Regulate longitudinal tension of the VFs, resulting in pitch change

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36
Q

Thyroarytenoid (vocalis) location and function

A

Medial fibers- anterior commisure to vocal processes
Lateral thyromuscularis fibers- anterior commisure to muscular processes
Thicken/stiffen vocal fold muscle layer and loosening of the lamina propria
Can shorten and relax VFs causing a lower pitch
Main body of the vocal folds

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37
Q

What kinds of fibers are the aryepiglottic folds made up of, what is their location, and what is their function

A

Connective tissue and muscle that run from the superior and lateral margins of the epiglottis to the apex of the arytenoids
Cuneiform cartilage within tissue resists negative pressure during inhalation
open for phonation and respiration
closed for swallowing
aryepiglottic muscle pull epiglottis back over the larynx during swallow

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38
Q

What kinds of fibers are the false vocal folds made up of, what is their location, and what is their function

A
  • Inferior to aryepiglottic folds, superior to the true vocal folds
  • Don’t extend as far toward the midline as the true vocal folds
  • Mostly connective tissue, some muscle tissue
  • Mucous glands and goblet cells lubricate true vocal folds beneath
  • May move slightly medially and downward during normal phonation due to constriction of the ventricularis muscle
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39
Q

Describe the cover body model of the vocal folds

A 
Cover= epithelium + SLLP (mucosa)
Transition= Vocal ligament=ILLP +DLLP
Body= vocalis muscle
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40
Q

The direct/pyramidal system consists of the ___ and ___ tracts

A

corticobulbar and corticospinal

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41
Q

The direct/pyramidal system controls _____ movement

A

skilled, voluntary

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42
Q

Damage to the direct/pyramidal system results in

A

Weakness and spasticity of affected structures, including those involved in phonation

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43
Q

Describe the path of the corticospinal pathway

A

Arises from the frontal lobe and parietal lobe- fibers synapse directly with motor nerve cells in the spinal cord
At the medulla- 80% of the fibers decussate continuing as the lateral corticospinal tract, 20% of fibers descend ipsilaterally as the anterior corticospinal tract.

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44
Q

Describe the path of the corticobulbar pathway

A
  • Arises from the frontal lobe (motor cortex)
  • Synapses with motor nuclei of CN V, VII, X, and XII
  • Ipsilateral except for the facial nerve
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45
Q

Name 4 subcortical gray matter structures associated with phonation

A
  • Basal ganglia
  • Cerebellum
  • Thalamus
  • Periacqueductal grey (PAG)
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46
Q

Function of the basal ganglia

A

plays an inhibitory role in the regulation of movement; smoothes and refines movement by inhibiting excessive nerve impulses

47
Q

Function of the substantia nigra

A

Manufactures inhibitory neurotransmitter dopamine

48
Q

Damage to the basal ganglia results in

A

Excessive involuntary and uncontrollable movements (tics, tremors)

49
Q

Function of the cerebellum

A

-Regulation of posture, balance, background muscle tone, and coordination of muscle groups
- Regulates force, speed, range, timing, direction, and amount of displacement of movements
- Contributes to maintain smooth, synergistic movement patterns
-

50
Q

Projection fibers create connections between…

A

The cortex and subcortical structures like the cerebellum, basal ganglia, brainstem, spinal cord

51
Q

The ____ contains concentrated and compact projection fibers near the brainstem

A

Internal capsule

52
Q

Afferent fibers relay information from ____ to ___

A

Peripheral and sense organs to the brain

53
Q

Efferent fibers relay information from ___ to ____

A

The brain to glands and muscles

54
Q

What areas to association fibers connect?

A

Areas within a hemisphere

55
Q

The arcuate fasiculus connects __ and __. It is important for ___

A

Broca’s and Wernicke’s area. It is important for verbal memory, language acquisition, and language production.

56
Q

Commisural fibers connect ____

A

Areas in the right and left hemispheres

57
Q

The term ____ refers to a system of cavities deep within the brain

A

cerebral ventricle

58
Q

The meninges consist of ____, ___, and ___

A

Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

59
Q

The _____ is the biggest branch of the internal carotid artery and supplies the entire lateral surface of the cortex including the major regions of the frontal lobe

A

middle cerebral artery

60
Q

Two key branches of the internal carotid artery are the ___ and the ___

A

anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery

61
Q

The ___ artery is the major supplier of blood to the brain

A

internal carotid artery

62
Q

If an artery is blocked ____ the circle of Willis, brain damage will occur because there is no alternate source of blood

A

above

63
Q

This is a widely distributed area of grey matter that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct

A

periaqueductal grey

64
Q

Damage to the PAG results in ___

A

mutism

65
Q

Damage to the thalamus results in ___

A

movement disorders (dystonia)

66
Q

Damage to the cerebellum results in ___

A

Jerky, uncoordinated movements (ataxia)

67
Q

Damage to the basal ganglia results in ___

A

excessive involuntary movement

68
Q

Basic functions of the nervous system are ___, ___, and ____

A

sensation, integration, and reaction

69
Q

Two basic cell types in the nervous system

A

neurons (functional, signal conducting cells) and neuroglia (supporting cells)

70
Q

Basic components of a neuron are

A

cell body, axon, dendrites, neurotransmission, synapse

71
Q

The cell body of a neuron is also known as a ___

A

soma

72
Q

Function of the soma is ___

A

control protein manufacturing, directs metabolism

73
Q

Function of dendrites is to ___

A

receive incoming signals

74
Q

____ provide structural matrix for the cell bodies of the CNS, maintain environment or neural function, allow for neural plasticity to help adapt to injury

A

astrocytes

75
Q

____ provide scavenger functions and act as immune cells to defend the CNS

A

microglia

76
Q

____ provide myelin insulation to axons in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

77
Q

____ provide myelin sheath which provides electrical insulation for certain neurons in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

78
Q

Neurons communicate by an electrical signal called an ___

A

action potential

79
Q

Subcortical gray matter consists of …

A

Diencephelon, basal nuclei, thalamus

80
Q

The brainstem controls ….

A

The body systems vital for life, such as breathing/blood pressure, sleep/waking, balance, swallowing, and vomiting

81
Q

The brainstem is comprised of

A

The midbrain, pons, and medulla

82
Q

The midbrain controls…

A

Visual and auditory reflexes; orienting reflexes

83
Q

The pons controls….

A

Relay of information from the cochlea and vestibular apparatus; control of movement and sensation from the face; control of mastication

84
Q

Medulla controls…

A

integration of breathing and swallowing; control of respiration, control of blood pressure; control of cortical arousal

85
Q

The reticular activating system controls…

A

balance and posture; sleep and conscious attention

86
Q

Name some functions of the cerebellum

A

-Evaluation of sensory input (locomotor ability, spatial perception)
- Predicting and scheduling tasks
- Learned motor skills, muscle tone, posture, and smooth muscle contractions
-

87
Q

Functions of the basal nuclei

A
  • Starting and stopping movements
  • Highly practiced movements
  • Walking
  • Dyskinesias and unwanted movements
88
Q

The ____ is the relay station for the cortex

A

Thalamus

89
Q

The ____ is the major relay station for most sensory impulses

A

Thalamus

90
Q

The limbic system plays a role in __ and ___

A

Emotion and memory

91
Q

The structures in the limbic system are the ___, ___, and ____

A

Amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate gyrus , hypothalamus

92
Q

The arcuate fasiculus is an ___ fiber tract

A

Association

93
Q

Describe the perisylvian zone

A

Cortex surrounding the fissure in the dominant hemisphere. Contains major neural components for understanding and producing language.

94
Q

Subdural hemorrhages are typically ___ and may follow a ____

A

Acute, HI or rupture of a blood vessel in the central nervous system

95
Q

Subdural hematomas are usually the result of…..

A

A serious head injury.

96
Q

The _____ is a connecting system of internal cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ventricular system

97
Q

Name three functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • Floats the brain so it is neutrally buoyant
  • Cushions brain from hitting inside of the skull
  • Chemical stability- rinses away wastes
98
Q

A condition called ____ results when cerebrospinal fluid cannot circulate or drain properly

A

Hydrocephalus

99
Q

The temporal lobe association areas are involved in…

A

Interpreting complex sensory experiences, storing memories of visual scenes, music, and complex patterns

100
Q

The occipital lobe association areas are involved in…

A

Analyzing and combining visual images with other sensory experiences

101
Q

The frontal lobe association areas are involved in…

A

concentrating, planning and complex problem solving

102
Q

The parietal lobe association areas are involved in…

A

Understanding speech, choosing words to express thought

103
Q

The ____ is crucial for the temporal organization of movement

A

supplementary motor area

104
Q

The _____ area is concerned with voluntary motor function and is dependent on sensory inputs

A

Premotor area

105
Q

Intention to contract a muscle begins in the ____

A

motor association area (premotor) of the frontal lobes

106
Q

Name 5 major functions of the frontal lobe

A
  • Personality/behavior
  • Motor function
  • Judgement/problem solving
  • Expressive speech
  • Concentration/reasoning
107
Q

Blood supply for the frontal lobe comes from the ___ and ___

A

ACA and MCA

108
Q

Major function of the parietal lobes are

A
  • Sensory function
  • Body part awareness
  • Visual spatial information
109
Q

The primary auditory cortex is also known as….

A

Heschl’s gyrus

110
Q

The primary auditory cortex is located

A

In the temporal lobe within the sylvian fissure

111
Q

Lesions in the auditory cortex result in…

A
  • Impairment of sound localization in space

- Diminution of hearing bilaterally- worse on the contralateral side

112
Q

Auditory association cortex is also known as…

A

Wernicke’s area

113
Q

Blood supply for the temporal lobe comes from the …

A

MCA and PCA

114
Q

Function of the angular gyrus

A

Transform visual representations into auditory code (reading)

Praxis/Comps (7 decks)

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