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Praxis/Comps > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two branches of the vagus nerve (X) that innervate muscles of phonation and what does each branch innervate

A

Superior laryngeal nerve- internal branch provides all sensory information to the larynx and the external branch supplies motor innervation solely to the cricothyroid muscle.

Recurrent laryngeal nerve- The recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies all motor innervation to the interarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles

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2
Q

Name the muscle primarily involved in vocal fold abduction

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid

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3
Q

Name the intrinsic laryngeal muscles involved in vocal fold adduction

A

lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid

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4
Q

The lateral cricoarytenoid muscles are involved in ______.

A

Medial compression of the vocal folds

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5
Q

What is the action of the oblique and transverse arytenoid muscles?

A

Pull the arytenoids closer together

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6
Q

Name the laryngeal elevator muscles

A

digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, hyoglossus, and genioglossus

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7
Q

Name the laryngeal depressors or infrahyoid muscles

A

thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, and sternohyoid

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8
Q

The three layers of the vocal folds are

A

Cover - Epithelium and superficial layer of the lamina propria
Body - the two remaining layers of lamina propria (consisting of the medial, and deep layers)
Muscle - the vocalis muscle

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9
Q

What is the function of the aryepiglottic folds and where are they?

A

Tips of the arytenoids to the larynx. They separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway.

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10
Q

What do the ventricular folds/false vocal folds do?

A

Vibrate at very low frequencies; not during phonation in a normal speaker. They compress during coughing or lifting heavy items

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11
Q

Explain the myoelastic/aerodynamic theory

A

Vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the vocal folds. Air flowing out of the lungs is stopped by the close (or nearly closed) vocal folds. Subglottal air pressure blows the folds apart. Pressure between folds decreases as the air blows through (Bernoulli effect) and the folds are sucked together. Subglottal air pressure builds up again.

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12
Q

Aside from the nasal sounds in English, the velum is _____ and ____ during speech

A

elevated and retracted

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13
Q

Name all the pharyngeal muscles you can think of!

A

Salpingopharyngeus
Stylopharyngeus
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor, cricopharyngeus
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor, thyropharyngeus

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14
Q

Function of salpingopharyngeus

A

Elevates the lateral pharyngeal wall

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15
Q

Function of stylopharyngeus

A

elevates and opens pharynx

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16
Q

Function of superior pharyngeal constrictor

A

Constricts pharyngeal diameter, pulls pharyngeal wall forward

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17
Q

Function of middle pharyngeal constrictor

A

Narrows the diameter of the pharynx

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18
Q

Function of crocopharyngeus

A

Constricts superior orifice of esophagus

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19
Q

Function of thyropharyngeus

A

Reduces diameter of the lower pharynx

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20
Q

Function of levator veli palatini

A

Primary elevator of the velum

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21
Q

Function of the tensor veli palatini

A

tenses velum, dilates eustachian tube

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22
Q

Function of the palatoglossus

A

Elevates and depresses velum

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23
Q

Function of palatopharyngeus

A

Narrows pharyngeal cavity, lowers velum, may assist in elevating larynx

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24
Q

What muscles are involved in the oral stage of the normal swallow?

A

Muscles of the face: orbicularis oris, risorius, buccinator, levator/depressors labii
Muscles of mastication: masseter, temporalis (chewing), lateral/medial pterygoids, internal muscles of the tongue- vertical, longitudinal, transverse, external muscles of the tongue- genioglossus, geniohyoid, hypoglossus, styloglossus

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25
Which muscles are involved in velar elevation?
Levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini
26
What muscles are involved in laryngeal elevation?
Mylohyoid, stylohyoid, genioglossus
27
What muscles are involved in pharyngeal propulsion?
Super, medial, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors
28
What higher neural centers are involved in the normal swallow?
Thalamus, basal ganglia, cortex, cerebellum
29
Hyoid bone connects to thyroid cartilage by the ____ ligament
Thyrohyoid
30
Describe the location of the crycoarytenoid joints and what function they contribute to and what type of joint they are
Connect concave base of the arytenoids and convex superior surface of the quadrate lamina. Control VF adduction and abduction. Synovial diarthrodial joint
31
Describe the location of the cricothyroid joints and what function they contribute to
Where inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage connect to articular facets of the cricoid cartilage Synovial joint Controls vocal pitch
32
Location and function of the lateral cricoarytenoids
Superior lateral portion of the cricoid to anterior lateral surface of the muscular processes. Swing vocal processes medially and downward, closing the membranous glottis (adduction). Stiffens all layers of the vocal folds.
33
Location and function of the interarytenoids
Between posterior surfaces of the arytenoids. Transverse fibers are a sheet of muscle from the lateral posterior margin to the back of arytenoids Oblique fibers are from the base of one arytenoid to the apex of the other Pull arytenoids medially and towards each other, closing the cartilaginous glottis
34
Location and function of the posterior cricoarytenoids
Quadrate lamina upwards to muscular processes | When contracted, rotate vocal processes laterally and upward, opening the vocal folds
35
Location and function of the cricothyroid muscle (pars recta and pars oblique)
Pars recta- lateral margin of cricoid vertically to inferior surface of thyroid lamina Pars oblique- lateral margin of the cricoid obliquely to anterior surface of inferior horn of the thyroid When contracted, tilt thyroid down to cricoid or cricoid up to the thyroid Regulate longitudinal tension of the VFs, resulting in pitch change
36
Thyroarytenoid (vocalis) location and function
Medial fibers- anterior commisure to vocal processes Lateral thyromuscularis fibers- anterior commisure to muscular processes Thicken/stiffen vocal fold muscle layer and loosening of the lamina propria Can shorten and relax VFs causing a lower pitch Main body of the vocal folds
37
What kinds of fibers are the aryepiglottic folds made up of, what is their location, and what is their function
Connective tissue and muscle that run from the superior and lateral margins of the epiglottis to the apex of the arytenoids Cuneiform cartilage within tissue resists negative pressure during inhalation open for phonation and respiration closed for swallowing aryepiglottic muscle pull epiglottis back over the larynx during swallow
38
What kinds of fibers are the false vocal folds made up of, what is their location, and what is their function
- Inferior to aryepiglottic folds, superior to the true vocal folds - Don't extend as far toward the midline as the true vocal folds - Mostly connective tissue, some muscle tissue - Mucous glands and goblet cells lubricate true vocal folds beneath - May move slightly medially and downward during normal phonation due to constriction of the ventricularis muscle
39
Describe the cover body model of the vocal folds
``` Cover= epithelium + SLLP (mucosa) Transition= Vocal ligament=ILLP +DLLP Body= vocalis muscle ```
40
The direct/pyramidal system consists of the ___ and ___ tracts
corticobulbar and corticospinal
41
The direct/pyramidal system controls _____ movement
skilled, voluntary
42
Damage to the direct/pyramidal system results in
Weakness and spasticity of affected structures, including those involved in phonation
43
Describe the path of the corticospinal pathway
Arises from the frontal lobe and parietal lobe- fibers synapse directly with motor nerve cells in the spinal cord At the medulla- 80% of the fibers decussate continuing as the lateral corticospinal tract, 20% of fibers descend ipsilaterally as the anterior corticospinal tract.
44
Describe the path of the corticobulbar pathway
- Arises from the frontal lobe (motor cortex) - Synapses with motor nuclei of CN V, VII, X, and XII - Ipsilateral except for the facial nerve
45
Name 4 subcortical gray matter structures associated with phonation
- Basal ganglia - Cerebellum - Thalamus - Periacqueductal grey (PAG)
46
Function of the basal ganglia
plays an inhibitory role in the regulation of movement; smoothes and refines movement by inhibiting excessive nerve impulses
47
Function of the substantia nigra
Manufactures inhibitory neurotransmitter dopamine
48
Damage to the basal ganglia results in
Excessive involuntary and uncontrollable movements (tics, tremors)
49
Function of the cerebellum
-Regulation of posture, balance, background muscle tone, and coordination of muscle groups - Regulates force, speed, range, timing, direction, and amount of displacement of movements - Contributes to maintain smooth, synergistic movement patterns -
50
Projection fibers create connections between...
The cortex and subcortical structures like the cerebellum, basal ganglia, brainstem, spinal cord
51
The ____ contains concentrated and compact projection fibers near the brainstem
Internal capsule
52
Afferent fibers relay information from ____ to ___
Peripheral and sense organs to the brain
53
Efferent fibers relay information from ___ to ____
The brain to glands and muscles
54
What areas to association fibers connect?
Areas within a hemisphere
55
The arcuate fasiculus connects __ and __. It is important for ___
Broca's and Wernicke's area. It is important for verbal memory, language acquisition, and language production.
56
Commisural fibers connect ____
Areas in the right and left hemispheres
57
The term ____ refers to a system of cavities deep within the brain
cerebral ventricle
58
The meninges consist of ____, ___, and ___
Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
59
The _____ is the biggest branch of the internal carotid artery and supplies the entire lateral surface of the cortex including the major regions of the frontal lobe
middle cerebral artery
60
Two key branches of the internal carotid artery are the ___ and the ___
anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery
61
The ___ artery is the major supplier of blood to the brain
internal carotid artery
62
If an artery is blocked ____ the circle of Willis, brain damage will occur because there is no alternate source of blood
above
63
This is a widely distributed area of grey matter that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct
periaqueductal grey
64
Damage to the PAG results in ___
mutism
65
Damage to the thalamus results in ___
movement disorders (dystonia)
66
Damage to the cerebellum results in ___
Jerky, uncoordinated movements (ataxia)
67
Damage to the basal ganglia results in ___
excessive involuntary movement
68
Basic functions of the nervous system are ___, ___, and ____
sensation, integration, and reaction
69
Two basic cell types in the nervous system
neurons (functional, signal conducting cells) and neuroglia (supporting cells)
70
Basic components of a neuron are
cell body, axon, dendrites, neurotransmission, synapse
71
The cell body of a neuron is also known as a ___
soma
72
Function of the soma is ___
control protein manufacturing, directs metabolism
73
Function of dendrites is to ___
receive incoming signals
74
____ provide structural matrix for the cell bodies of the CNS, maintain environment or neural function, allow for neural plasticity to help adapt to injury
astrocytes
75
____ provide scavenger functions and act as immune cells to defend the CNS
microglia
76
____ provide myelin insulation to axons in the PNS
Schwann cells
77
____ provide myelin sheath which provides electrical insulation for certain neurons in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
78
Neurons communicate by an electrical signal called an ___
action potential
79
Subcortical gray matter consists of ...
Diencephelon, basal nuclei, thalamus
80
The brainstem controls ....
The body systems vital for life, such as breathing/blood pressure, sleep/waking, balance, swallowing, and vomiting
81
The brainstem is comprised of
The midbrain, pons, and medulla
82
The midbrain controls...
Visual and auditory reflexes; orienting reflexes
83
The pons controls....
Relay of information from the cochlea and vestibular apparatus; control of movement and sensation from the face; control of mastication
84
Medulla controls...
integration of breathing and swallowing; control of respiration, control of blood pressure; control of cortical arousal
85
The reticular activating system controls...
balance and posture; sleep and conscious attention
86
Name some functions of the cerebellum
-Evaluation of sensory input (locomotor ability, spatial perception) - Predicting and scheduling tasks - Learned motor skills, muscle tone, posture, and smooth muscle contractions -
87
Functions of the basal nuclei
- Starting and stopping movements - Highly practiced movements - Walking - Dyskinesias and unwanted movements
88
The ____ is the relay station for the cortex
Thalamus
89
The ____ is the major relay station for most sensory impulses
Thalamus
90
The limbic system plays a role in __ and ___
Emotion and memory
91
The structures in the limbic system are the ___, ___, and ____
Amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate gyrus , hypothalamus
92
The arcuate fasiculus is an ___ fiber tract
Association
93
Describe the perisylvian zone
Cortex surrounding the fissure in the dominant hemisphere. Contains major neural components for understanding and producing language.
94
Subdural hemorrhages are typically ___ and may follow a ____
Acute, HI or rupture of a blood vessel in the central nervous system
95
Subdural hematomas are usually the result of.....
A serious head injury.
96
The _____ is a connecting system of internal cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Ventricular system
97
Name three functions of cerebrospinal fluid
- Floats the brain so it is neutrally buoyant - Cushions brain from hitting inside of the skull - Chemical stability- rinses away wastes
98
A condition called ____ results when cerebrospinal fluid cannot circulate or drain properly
Hydrocephalus
99
The temporal lobe association areas are involved in...
Interpreting complex sensory experiences, storing memories of visual scenes, music, and complex patterns
100
The occipital lobe association areas are involved in...
Analyzing and combining visual images with other sensory experiences
101
The frontal lobe association areas are involved in...
concentrating, planning and complex problem solving
102
The parietal lobe association areas are involved in...
Understanding speech, choosing words to express thought
103
The ____ is crucial for the temporal organization of movement
supplementary motor area
104
The _____ area is concerned with voluntary motor function and is dependent on sensory inputs
Premotor area
105
Intention to contract a muscle begins in the ____
motor association area (premotor) of the frontal lobes
106
Name 5 major functions of the frontal lobe
- Personality/behavior - Motor function - Judgement/problem solving - Expressive speech - Concentration/reasoning
107
Blood supply for the frontal lobe comes from the ___ and ___
ACA and MCA
108
Major function of the parietal lobes are
- Sensory function - Body part awareness - Visual spatial information
109
The primary auditory cortex is also known as....
Heschl's gyrus
110
The primary auditory cortex is located
In the temporal lobe within the sylvian fissure
111
Lesions in the auditory cortex result in...
- Impairment of sound localization in space | - Diminution of hearing bilaterally- worse on the contralateral side
112
Auditory association cortex is also known as...
Wernicke's area
113
Blood supply for the temporal lobe comes from the ...
MCA and PCA
114
Function of the angular gyrus
Transform visual representations into auditory code (reading)

Praxis/Comps (7 decks)

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