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PE Paper 1 > Anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Joints that allow free movement and allow a range of movement.

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2
Q

Structure and function of ligaments

A

A tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue.

Connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement.

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3
Q

Structure and function of synovial fluid

A

Lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity

Reduces friction and nourished articular cartilage

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4
Q

Structure and function of articular cartilage

A

Smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones

Absorbs shock and allows friction-free movement

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5
Q

Structure and function of joint capsule

A

A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane

Encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

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6
Q

Structure and function of bursa

A

A closed, fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub over bones

Reduces friction between tendons and bones.

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7
Q

What is a plane of movement?

A

The description of three-dimensional movements at a joint.

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8
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Lies vertically. Divides the body into left and right sides.

e.g. somersaulting in gymnastics

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9
Q

What is the frontal plane?

A

Lies vertically. Divides the body into anterior (frontal) and posterior (back) parts.
e.g. cartwheel in gymnastics

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10
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

Lies horizontally. Divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
e.g. rotating in the circle when discuss throwing

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11
Q

What are examples of the sagittal plane?

A

Flexion and extension

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12
Q

What is flexion?

A

Decreases the joint angle, usually to the front (anterior) of the body.
eg bicep curl in upwards stage

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13
Q

What is extension?

A

Increases the joint angles, usually to the back (posterior) of the body.
eg bicep curl in downward stage

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14
Q

What is dorsi-flexion?

A

Unique to the ankle joint.
Decreases the joint angle bringing toes closer to tibia (toes up).
eg when preparing to perform a jump shot in basketball.

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15
Q

What is plantar flexion?

A

Unique to ankle joint.
Increases the joint angle moving does further away from the tibia (toes down).
eg when taking off in the high jump.

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16
Q

What are examples of the frontal plane?

A

Abduction and adduction

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17
Q

What is abduction?

A

When a joint moves the articulating bone away from the midline of the body.
eg lateral raises in the upwards stage

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18
Q

What is adduction?

A

When a joint moves the articulating bone closer to the midline of the body.
eg lateral raises in the downwards stage

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19
Q

What are examples of the transverse plane?

A

Horizontal extension, horizontal flexion and extension

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20
Q

What is horizontal extension?

A

When a joint moves the articulating bone away from the midline of the body.
eg the backwards swing of a discuss throw

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21
Q

What is horizontal flexion?

A

When a joint moves the articulating bone closer to the midline of the body
eg the forwards swing of a discuss throw

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22
Q

What is rotation?

A

Occurs at the shoulder and hip joints when an articulating bone turns its longitudinal axis.
Rotation towards the body is medial and away from the body is lateral.

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23
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

Motion restricted to one plane

eg elbow, knee and ankle joints

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24
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

A rounded bone that articulates with a ring-shape bone which restricts motion to one plane.
eg the radio-ulnar joint

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25
Q

What is a gliding joint?

A

Almost flat, similar-sized bones that articulate with limited motion in three planes.
eg the spine

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26
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A

A ball shaped head articulates with a cup-shaped socket to give a large range of motion in all three planes.
eg hip and shoulder joint

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27
Q

What is a condyloid joint?

A

Similar to a ball and socket joint with flatter bone surfaces to allow motion in two planes.
eg the wrist joint

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28
Q

What is a tendon?

A

A fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

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29
Q

What are muscles composed of?

A

Composed of many fibres encased in connective tissues forming tendons at either end.

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30
Q

What is an agonist?

A

A muscle responsible for creating movement at the join.

Prime mover

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31
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

A muscle that opposes the agonist providing a resistance for co-ordinated movement.

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32
Q

What is a fixator?

A

A muscle that stabilises one part of the body while another causes movement.

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33
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist in wrist flexion?

A

agonist: wrist flexors
antagonist: wrist extensors

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34
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist in elbow flexion?

A

agonist: biceps brachii
antagonist: triceps brachii

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35
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist in shoulder flexion?

A

agonist: anterior deltoid
antagonist: posterior deltoid

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36
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist in hip flexion?

A

agonist: ilipsoas
antagonist: gluteus maximus

37
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist in knee flexion?

A

agonist: biceps femoris
antagonist: rectus femoris

38
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist in ankle dorsi-flexion?

A

agonist: tibialis anterior
antagonist: gastocnemius and soleus

39
Q

How do muscles create force?

A

muscles create force by contracting, using energy.

40
Q

What is an isotonic muscle contraction?

A

when a muscle changes length during its contraction.

This can occur concentrically and eccentrically.

41
Q

What is a concentric muscle contraction?

A

When a muscle shortens and produces tension.

The force pulls two bones closer together, causing joint movement.

42
Q

What is a eccentric muscle contraction?

A

A muscle contraction when a muscle lengthens producing tension. This resists fores, such as gravity, to control joint movement.

43
Q

What is an isometric muscle contraction?

A

When a muscle lengthens producing tension. This resists forces, such as gravity, to control joint movement.

44
Q

Ankle joint type?

A

Hinge joint

45
Q

Ankle articulating bones?

A

tibia, fibula and talus

46
Q

Ankle movement plane?

A

sagittal plane

47
Q

Ankle agonist muscles in dorsi-flexion?

A

tibialis anterior

48
Q

Ankle agonist muscles in plantar flexion?

A

gastrocnemius and soleus

49
Q

Sporting example of ankle movement

A

Dancers use feet to shape bodily movements.

Concentrically contracting gastrocnemius and soleus to plantar flex the ankle joint creating a fully extended finish to the leg in split leap.

50
Q

Knee joint type?

A

Hinge joint

51
Q

Knee articulating bones?

A

Femur and tibia

52
Q

Ankle plane of movement?

A

Sagittal plane

53
Q

Knee agonist muscles in flexion?

A

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus

54
Q

Knee antagonist muscles in extension?

A

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis

55
Q

Sporting example of knee movement

A

Concentrically contracts the biceps femoris flexes the knee joint in the preparation phase.

Concentrically contracts the rectus femoris extends the knee joint in the execution phase through a large range of motion to generate a large force to apply to the football.

56
Q

Hip joint type?

A

Ball and socket joint

57
Q

Hip articulating bones?

A

Pelvic girdle and femur

58
Q

Hip plane of movement?

A

Sagittal plane
Frontal plane
Transverse plane

59
Q

Hip sagittal agonist muscles in flexion?

60
Q

Hip sagittal antagonist muscles in extension?

A

Gluteus maximus

61
Q

Hip frontal agonist muscles in adduction?

A

Adductor longus, adductor brevis and adductor magnus

62
Q

Hip frontal antagonist muscles in abduction?

A

Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

63
Q

Hip transverse muscles in medial rotation?

A

Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

64
Q

Hip transverse muscles in lateral rotation?

A

Gluteus maximus

65
Q

Sporting example of hip movement

A

When olympic weightlifting in the upward phase, the agonist, the gluteus maximus, will concentrically contract to create hip extension while the antagonist, the iliopsoas, co-ordinates the action.

66
Q

Shoulder joint type?

A

Ball and socket joint

67
Q

Shoulder articulating bones

A

Humerus and scapula

68
Q

Shoulder plane of movement

A

Sagittal plane
Frontal plane
Transverse plane

69
Q

Shoulder agonist muscles in flexion

A

anterior deltoid

70
Q

Shoulder agonist muscles in extension

A

Posterior deltoid

71
Q

Shoulder agonist muscles in adduction

A

latissimus dorsi

72
Q

Shoulder agonist muscles in abduction

A

Middle deltoid

73
Q

Shoulder agonist muscles in horizontal flexion

A

Pectoralis major

74
Q

Shoulder agonist muscles in horizontal extension

A

Posterior deltoid and teres minor

75
Q

Shoulder agonist muscles in medial rotation

A

Teres major and subscapularis

76
Q

Shoulder agonist muscles in lateral rotation

A

Teres minor and infraspinatous

77
Q

Sporting example of shoulder movements

A

star jumps

78
Q

Elbow joint type

A

Hinge joint

79
Q

Elbow articulating bones

A

Humerus, radius and ulna

80
Q

Elbow movement plane

A

Sagittal plane

81
Q

Elbow agonist muscles in flexion

A

biceps brachii

82
Q

Elbow agonist muscles in extension

A

triceps brachii

83
Q

Sporting example of elbow movement

A

In preparation phase, the biceps brachii will concentrically contract to flex the elbow, lowering the ball.

In the execution phase, the triceps brachii concentrically contracts to extend the elbow joint through a large range of motion to generate a large force to apply to the ball.

84
Q

Wrist joint type

A

condyloid joint

85
Q

Wrist articulating bones

A

radius, ulna and carpals

86
Q

Wrist plane of movement

A

Sagittal plane

87
Q

Wrist agonist muscles in flexion

A

wrist flexors

88
Q

Wrist agonist muscles in extension

A

Wrist extenders

89
Q

Sporting example of wrist movement

A

basketball player concentrically contract the agonist, the wrist flexors, to flex the wrist as the ball is released in a jump shot.

This enables backspin to be put on the ball, causing the ball to ‘pop up’ from the back board rather than roll off.

PE Paper 1 (19 decks)

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