Anatomy And Kinesiology Flashcards
What is kinesiology?
The study of human movement.
What is anatomy?
The framework and structure of the body.
Number of bones in the human body?
206
What do bones need in order to be healthy?
- An appropriate amount of weight-bearing activity
2. Adequate amount of nutrients, especially calcium and vitamin D.
What happens when bones don’t get what they need?
They can become thin and weaken.
What are ligaments?
Fibrous tissue that connect bone to bone. They provide stability to the joints.
Describe the composition of ligaments:
They are non-elastic but flexible enough to allow movement.
If overstretched, they will not return to original length.
What are tendons?
The dense, fibrous end of the muscle that connect muscle to bone.
What are joints?
The point where two or more bones meet and movement occurs.
The function of cartilage:
Found in moveable joints. They help minimize friction between bony surfaces.
Composition of cartilage:
Slippery and smooth.
Maintained by synovial fluid.
What is the best way to keep joints and cartilage healthy?
To stay active and avoid prolonged immobility which decreases the flow of fluid to the joint and can lead to degenerative changes.
List the three types of muscle tissue:
- Cardiac (involuntary)
- Smooth (involuntary)
- Skeletal (voluntary)
Where is cardiac muscle tissue found?
The heart
Where is smooth muscle tissue found?
The digestive system (responsible for peristalsis)
The walls of blood vessels (vasodilation, vasoconstriction)
Describe skeletal muscle tissue
Striated, or band-like in appearance.
What are the 2 main categories of muscle fibers?
Slow and fast twitch.
What are slow twitch fibers?
The oxidative or endurance fibers known as type 1 which can contract without fatigue.
In which muscle fibers is aerobic metabolism most likely to take place?
Slow twitch fibers. These muscles are used during aerobic type, sub-maximal, prolonged activities.
When do we use fast twitch muscles?
During primarily anaerobic activities especially those involving short, high intensity bursts and sprints.
True or False. The fiber composition of our muscles is mostly genetically determined.
True.
True or False. If you have more slow twitch fibers, you will gravitate towards stop and start types of sports.
False. Slow twitch fibers are aerobic in nature.
True or False. If you have more fast twitch fibers, you will gravitate towards activities like marathons.
False. Fast twitch fibers tend to be more anaerobic in nature, so stop and start activities would be more natural.
True or False. Fiber composition can vary from muscle to muscle within our bodies.
True.
Define isometric muscle action:
A held muscle action in which there is no change in the joint angle.
Define isotonic muscle action:
The opposite of isometric. This action has joint movement.
What are the two phases in isotonic movement?
Concentric and eccentric.
What is the concentric phase in muscle movement?
When the muscle shortens. The muscle “crunches up”.
What is the eccentric phase in muscle movement?
When the muscle lengthens. The muscle “elongates”.
Define prime mover
The muscle responsible for the movement that is occurring. Also called the agonist.
Define antagonist
The muscle opposing the prime mover. It relaxes to allow the prime mover to do its job
List the roles muscles play in movement:
- Agonist (prime mover)
- Antagonist
- Assistor
- Stabilizer
What is a lever?
A rigid rod that moves around a fulcrum or pivot point.
What are the levers in the human body?
The bones
What are the pivot points (fulcrums) in the human body?
The joints
List the three primary planes of movement:
- Frontal
- Horizontal
- Sagittal
What is the transverse abdominus responsible for?
- Abdominal compression
- Vigorous exhalation and expulsion
- Core Stabilization
What muscle opposes the abdominals?
The erector spinae
