Anatomy and composition of bone & cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

Compact bone is also known as

A

Cortical bone

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2
Q

What is the anatomical name for the bone’s shaft?

A

Diaphysis

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3
Q

Metaphysis

A

flared region of the long bone adjacent to the epiphysis

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4
Q

Epiphysis

A

rounded end of the long bone

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5
Q

Cancellous bone is also known as

A

trabecular or spongy bone

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6
Q

Bones can be classified by

A
  • where they occur
  • how they form
  • what shape they are
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7
Q

How to classify bones based on where they occur

A
  • Axial skeleton
  • Appendicular skeleton
  • Visceral bones
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8
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Bones that form the axis of the skeleton e.g. bones of head, neck, vertebral column, ribs, pelvis, tail

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9
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Regions that are attached e.g. bones of the forelimbs and hindlimbs

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10
Q

Visceral bones

A

Bones that develop in the soft tissues away from the rest of the skeleton.

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11
Q

Types of bones (shape)

A
  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones
  • Sesamoid bones
  • Pneumatic bones
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12
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Bone producing membrane: fibrous on outside, cellular on inside

Useful for membranous ossification

Provides blood supply for and protects actively growing bone

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13
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Internal expansion

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14
Q

How do bone and cartilage differ in terms of growth?

A

Cartilage can undergo interstitial expansion which bone cannot.

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15
Q

Vasculature of cartilage

A

Cartilage is avascular

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16
Q

Innervation of cartilage

A

Cartilage is aneural

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17
Q

Types of cartilage

A
  • Hyaline/articular
  • Fibrocartilage (white cartilage)
  • Elastic (yellow cartilage)
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18
Q

What can be said about the types of cells that exist within different cartilage types?

A

All cartilage types contain chondrocytes.

Hyaline and elastic contain chondroblasts also.

Fibrocartilage contain fibroblasts.

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19
Q

When bone is laid down, two types form one after the other. What are they?

A
  • Woven bone: random orientation of collagen fibres, laid down first & quickly; immature
  • Lamellar bone: organisation of collagen fibres, laid down second; mature
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20
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells and what is their function?

A

Mesenchymal cells located in the bone.

Capable of self-renewal, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation.

Secrete bone matrix.

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21
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

Role in bone formation

Secrete Type 1 collagen and bone matrix proteins

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22
Q

What are the histological featurs of osteoblasts?

A

Cuboidal and polygonal cell shapes

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23
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Once osteoblasts have been surrounded by ECM, they become known as osteocytes.

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24
Q

What is the role of osteocytes?

A

Can participate in matrix degradation

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25
Q

What are the histological features of osteocytes?

A

Sit within lacunae

Have interconnecting canaliculi

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26
Q

What are osteoclasts and what is their function?

A

Cells involved in bone resorption

Present where bone is being removed, remodelled or damaged

*originate from different cell type to other bone cells*

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27
Q

What are the histological features of osteoclasts?

A

Multinucleate cells

28
Q

Structure of periosteum

A

Fibrous on the outside - dense connective tissue

Cellular on inside - osteoprogenitor cells

29
Q

Describe the functional adaptatios of the long bone

A
  • Cortical bone provides rigidty, resists compression
  • Expanded ends enable transfer of load
  • The bone acts as a lever, resisting tension during muscle contraction
30
Q

What is the function of the medullary cavity?

A

Source of mesenchymal stem cells

31
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Thin vascular membrane of connective tissue; lines the medullary cavity

32
Q

What is the function of tubercles, trochanters and tuberosities?

A

Muscle/ligament/tendon attachment

33
Q

What is the function of fossae?

A

Positioning and seating for ligaments

34
Q

What is the function of condyles and epicondyles?

A

Articulation and muscle/tendon/ligament attachment

35
Q

What does this image show?

A

The general structure of hyaline cartilage

36
Q

Describe the circled structure

A

Chondrocytes stained with an H&E stain

There are two chondrocytes in an isogenous group

They have pale cytoplasm and darkly staining nuclei

Between the two cells and in a small radius around them the background is darker staining than in the rest of the image, indicating territorial matrix

37
Q

What type of cartilage is shown in this image?

A

Hyaline

38
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Resist compression
  • Provide cushioning
  • Smooth, low-friction surface for joints
  • Structural support (e.g. respiratory system)
  • Precursor to bone in embryonic skeleton
  • Centre of chondral ossification
  • Withstands and distributes load
39
Q

What types of cells does hyaline cartilage contain?

A

Chondroblasts

Chondrocytes

40
Q

What does the ECM of hyaline cartilage contain?

A

Type II collagen fibrils

Aggrecan monomers

41
Q

Which types of cartilage undergo calcification?

A

Hyaline and fibrocartilage

NOT ELASTIC

42
Q

When does hyaline cartilage undergo calcification?

A

In endochondral bone formation

During the aging process

43
Q

Perichondium

A

Connective tissue that envelops cartilage when it is not at a joint

44
Q

Is there a perichondium present in hyaline cartilage?

A

Yes but not at articular cartilage or epiphyseal growth plates

45
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A
  • Foetal skeletal tissue
  • Epiphyseal plates
  • Synovial joints
  • Costal cartilage
  • Rings of trachea
46
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

A
  • Provides flexible support for soft tissues
  • Structural support - keeps tubes open but flexible
47
Q

What cells does elastic cartilage contain?

A

Chondroblasts

Chondrocytes

48
Q

What does the elastic cartilage ECM contain?

A

Type II collagen fibrils

Elastic fibres

Aggrecan monomers

49
Q

Does elastic cartilage undergo calcification?

A

NO

50
Q

Is a perichondium present in elastic cartilage?

A

Yes

51
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A
  • Pinna of external ear
  • Eustachian canals
  • Larynx
52
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

A
  • Resists deformation under stress
  • Tough support: provides great tensile strength
  • Ligament/tendon and bone interface; lines surface of bony grooves for tendon
53
Q

What cells does fibrocartilage contain?

A

Fibroblasts

Chondrocytes

54
Q

What does the ECM of fibrocartilage contain?

A
  • Type I and II collagen fibres
  • Proteoglycan monomers: aggrecan and versican
55
Q

When does calcification of fibrocartilage occur?

A

Calcification of fibrocartilage callus occurs during bone repair

56
Q

Is a perichondium present in fibrocartilage?

A

No

57
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A
  • Intervertebral discs
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Articular discs
  • Menisci
  • Insertion of tendons
58
Q

What is the name of this feature?

A

Osteon: concentric bone rings surrounding a Haversian canal.

59
Q

What is the name of this feature?

A

Haversian canal

60
Q

What is the name of this feature?

A

Lacuna

61
Q

What is the name of this feature?

A

Canaliculis (pl. canaliculi)

62
Q

What is this feature called? What does it contain?

A

Haversian canal

Contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphathics

63
Q

What are these features called? What do they contain?

A

Canaliculi

Contain cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes

64
Q

What is this feature called? What does it mark?

A

Cement line

It markes the boundary of an osteon

65
Q

Discuss the differences between bone and cartilage

A
  • Bone has a vascular and neural supply whereas cartilage is avascular and aneural
  • Cartilage is able to undergo interstital expansion but bone cannot
  • Cartilage is still capable of dividing in the matrix; bone cannot divide once surrounded by matrix
  • Bone contains mostly Type I collagen, cartilage contains mostly Type II (1 in fibrocartilage)