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ENT > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The ear is associated with what cranial bone?

A
  • temporal bone
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2
Q

What is the function of the ear?

A
  • hearing

- balance

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3
Q

What connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

A
  • Eustachian tube
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4
Q

What is the function of the external ear?

A
  • collects sound waves and directs to middle ear
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5
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A
  • conducts and amplifies vibrations to the inner ear
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6
Q

What is the function of the inner ear?

A
  • Converts the vibration or movement of fluid into action potentials
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7
Q

What are the names of the 3 nasal conchae?

A
  • inferior
  • middle
  • superior
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8
Q

What does the 3 nasal conchae create?

A
  • 4 pathways for air to flow
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9
Q

Name the 4 pathways of nasal airflow (meatus)?

A
  • inferior meatus
  • middle meatus
  • superior meatus
  • spheno-ethmoidal recess
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10
Q

What sinuses drain into the semilunaris hiatus of the middle meatus?

A
  • frontal
  • maxillary
  • anterior ethmoidal
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11
Q

What sinus drains into the ethmoidal bullae?

A
  • middle ethmoidal sinuses
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12
Q

What sinus drains into the superior meatus?

A
  • posterior ethmoidal sinus
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13
Q

The Eustachian tube drains into what meatus of the nasal cavity?

A
  • inferior meatus
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14
Q

What is the role of paranasal sinuses?

A
  • lightening the weight of the head

- increasing resonance of the voice

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15
Q

What nerve is responsible for sensation of the frontal paranasal sinuses?

A
  • supraorbital nerve
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16
Q

Where does the sphenoid sinus drain?

A
  • superior meatus
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17
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery proximal to distal?

A
  • Superior thyroid
  • Ascending pharyngeal
  • Inguinal
  • Facial
  • Occipital
  • Posterior auricular
  • Maxillary
  • Superficial temporal
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18
Q

What is the arterial supply to the cranial cavity?

A
  • Internal carotid artery

- vertebral artery

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19
Q

Venous drainage from the head ends up where?

A
  • Internal jugular vein
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20
Q

The foramen magnum is found in the _____ cranial fossa

A
  • posterior
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21
Q

The foramen magnum is in the ___ cranial bone

A
  • occipital
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22
Q

Contents of the foramen magnum?

A
  • spinal cord
  • vertebral arteries
  • accessory nerve
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23
Q

Cribiform plate has what contents?

A
  • olfactory nerve axons
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24
Q

Internal acoustic meatus is on what cranial bone?

A
  • temporal
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25
Q

The glossopharyngeal nerve travels through what foramen?

A
  • jugular foramen
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26
Q

Maxilliary nerve leaves through what foramen?

A
  • foramen rotundum
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27
Q

3 regions of the pharynx?

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • layrngopharynx
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28
Q

Name the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

A
  • epiglottis
  • thyroid
  • cricoid
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29
Q

What is the only elastic cartilage found in the larynx?

A
  • epiglottis
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30
Q

What are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx?

A
  • arytenoid
  • corniculate
  • cuniform
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31
Q

Name the 2 intrinsic ligaments of the larynx?

A
  • cricothyroid ligament

- quadrangular membrane

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32
Q

Where does the sympathetic nerves synapse before they enter the head and neck?

A
  • superior cervical ganglion
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33
Q

What special sensory nerve is involved in balance?

A
  • CN VIII

- vestiobucochlear

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34
Q

What cranial nerve is involved in olfaction?

A
  • CN I
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35
Q

Where is the olfactory epithelium found in the nasal cavity?

A
  • superior
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36
Q

Where is smell processed in the brain?

A
  • temporal lobe

- olfactory area

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37
Q

Epistaxis is the term used to describe?

A
  • nosebleed
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38
Q

What is the name of the anastomosis of arteries in the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Kiesselbach area

- Little’s area

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39
Q

What are the 5 arteries that anastomatose to form Kiesselbach’s area?

A
  • anterior ethmoidal artery
  • posterior ethmoidal artery
  • sphenopalatine artery
  • greater palatine artery
  • septal branch of superior labial artery
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40
Q

What is the largest component of the temporal bone?

A
  • squamous region
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41
Q

What nerve controls the external acoustic meatus?

A
  • CN V3
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42
Q

What gland produces ear wax?

A
  • ceruminous glands
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43
Q

What is the most superior part of the auricle?

A
  • helix
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44
Q

What is the most inferior part of the auricle?

A
  • lobule
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45
Q

What divides the external and middle ear?

A
  • tympanic membrane
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46
Q

What are the names of the 3 ossicles from lateral to medial?

A
  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
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47
Q

What is the region that lies superior to the ossicles of the middle ear?

A
  • epitympanic recess
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48
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the tympanic cavity?

A
  • tensor tympani muscle

- stapedius muscle

49
Q

Innervation of the tensor tympani muscle?

A
  • CN V3
50
Q

Innervation of the stapedius muscle?

A
  • CN VII
51
Q

Function of the stapedius muscle?

A
  • attaches to stapes

- dampens sound of stapes on oval window

52
Q

What is the prominent inferior part of the handle of malleus?

A
  • umbo
53
Q

Function of the Eustachian tube?

A
  • equalises air pressure between middle ear and nasopharynx
54
Q

What is the sensory nerve of the Eustachian tube?

A
  • CN IX
55
Q

The optic capsule is fully developed at birth?

TRUE/FALSE

A
  • TRUE
56
Q

The bony labyrinth is filled with what?

A
  • perilymph
57
Q

The membranous labyrinth is filled with what?

A
  • endolymph
58
Q

What makes up the bony labyrinth?

A
  • cochlea
  • vestibule
  • 3 semi-circular canals
59
Q

What makes up the membranous labyrinth?

A
  • cochlear duct
  • semi-circular duct
  • utericle
  • saccule
60
Q

The stapes vibrates onto what to spread sound information?

A
  • oval window
61
Q

What are the names of the mechanoreceptors that sense sound?

A
  • hair cells
62
Q

What is the region of the inner ear that dampens pressure waves?

A
  • round window
63
Q

What is the superior and inferior aspect of the cochlear apparatus?

A
  • superior = scala vestibuli

- inferior = scala tympani

64
Q

What apparatus is responsible for balance perception?

A
  • vestibular apparatus
65
Q

Semicircular ducts detect __angular/linear___ movement?

A
  • angular
66
Q

Utricle and saccule ducts detect ___ angular/linear___ movement?

A
  • linear
67
Q

Vesibulocohlear nerve division?

A
  • vestibular = balance

- cochlear = hearing

68
Q

Where does the vestibular and cochlear nerve come together to form the vestibulocohlear nerve?

A
  • internal acoustic meatus
69
Q

What is the facial nerve role?

A
  • parasympathetic secreomotor
  • taste
  • facial movement
70
Q

Where does the facial nerve leave the cranial cavity?

A
  • stylomastoid formaen
71
Q

Facial nerve has 3 main divisions in ENT?

A
  • Nerve to stapedius
  • greater petrosal nerve
  • chorda tympani
72
Q

What division of the facial nerve is responsible for mucous and lacrimal gland?

A
  • greater petrosal nerve
73
Q

What division of the facial nerve is responsible for the tongue and sublingual gland

A
  • chorda tympani
74
Q

Sensory supply to posterior 1/3 tongue?

A
  • CN IX
75
Q

Sensory supply to anterior 2/3 tongue?

A
  • CN V3
76
Q

Explain the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A
  • parasympathetic ganglion
  • suspended from maxillary nerve
  • innervated by greater petrosal branch of facial nerve
77
Q

Muscles of mastication are innervated by what nerve?

A
  • CN V3
78
Q

Name the 4 muscles of mastication?

A
  • masseter
  • temporalis
  • medial pterygoid
  • lateral pterygoid
79
Q

What mastication muscle is responsible for opening the mouth?

A
  • lateral pterygoid
80
Q

What is the role of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue and what innervates them?

A
  • change the shape of the tongue

- CN XII

81
Q

Name the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  • superior longitudinal
  • inferior longitudinal
  • transverse
  • vertical
82
Q

What is the role of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue and what innervates them?

A
  • movement of the tongue within the oral cavity

- CN XII except palatoglossus CN X

83
Q

Name the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  • styloglossus
  • genioglossus
  • hypoglossus
  • palatoglossus
84
Q

What nerve innervates the palatoglossus?

A
  • CN X
85
Q

What is innervation to the palate?

A
  • CN V3
86
Q

Name the 3 foramina in the hard palate

A
  • incisive canal
  • greater palatine foramen
  • lesser palatine foramen
87
Q

Name the 2 main muscles of the soft palate?

A
  • tensor veli palatini

- levator veli palatini

88
Q

What is the name of the part of the pharyngeal muscles that separates down the midline?

A
  • pharyngeal raphe
89
Q

Name the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

A
  • stylopharyngeus
  • salpingopharyngeus
  • palatopharyngeus
90
Q

Name the circular muscles of the pharynx?

A
  • superior pharyngeal constrictor
  • middle pharyngeal constrictor
  • inferior pharyngeal constrictor
91
Q

Innervation to stylopharyngeus?

A
  • CN IX
92
Q

Muscles responsible for adduction of vocal cord?

A
  • lateral cricoarytenoid

- arytenoid

93
Q

Muscle responsible for abduction of rima glottidis?

A
  • posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
94
Q

Name the suprahyoid muscles?

A
  • stylohyoid
  • digastric
  • mylohyoid
  • geniohyoid
95
Q

Name the infrahyoid muscles?

A
  • omohyoid
  • sternohyoid
  • sternothyroid
  • thyrohyoid
96
Q

What are the 3 phases of deglutition

A
  • oral phase
  • pharyngeal phase
  • oesophageal phase
97
Q

What is the role of the facial nerve in deglutition?

A
  • labial seal

- tightens cheek

98
Q

What innervates the soft palate during swallowing?

A
  • CN X
99
Q

General sensation of the hard palate what nerve?

A
  • CN V2
100
Q

Hypoglossal nerve supplies all muscles of the tongue except?

A
  • palatoglossus
101
Q

Describe the pharyngeal phases during swallowing?

A
  • elevation of soft palate (CN X)
  • Posterior pressure from tongue
  • hyolaryngeal elevation
  • pharyngeal constriction contraction
102
Q

Lower 2/3rd of oesophagus is ___ muscle?

A
  • smooth
103
Q

What is contained within the parapharyngeal space?

A
  • sympathetic trunk
  • common carotid artery
  • CN X
104
Q

What is the clinical significance of the retropharyngeal space?

A
  • spread of infection to mediastinum
105
Q

What nerve is the sensory aspect of the gag reflex?

A
  • CN IX
106
Q

What is the efferent nerves involved in the gag reflex>

A
  • CN IX
  • CN X
  • CN XII
107
Q

Vestibular folds are also known as?

A
  • false vocal cord
108
Q

What part of the head and neck is responsible for sound amplification?

A
  • pharynx
109
Q

Tension of the vocal cords has what effect on sound production?

A
  • increases pitch
110
Q

All intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by___

A
  • CN X
111
Q

What tenses the vocal ligaments?

A
  • circothyroid muscle
112
Q

What muscle relaxes the vocal ligaments?

A
  • thyroarytenoid muscle
113
Q

Innervation of the mucosa above vocal fold?

A
  • internal laryngeal nerve

- except circothyroid

114
Q

Innervation of the mucosa below vocal folds?

A
  • inferior laryngeal nerve
115
Q

Sensory afferent nerve for cough reflex?

A
  • CN X
116
Q

Motor efferent nerve for cough?

A
  • CN X
  • CN XII
  • CN VII
117
Q

Define dysphonia?

A
  • inability to produce an appropriate level of phonation
118
Q

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve leave the cranial cavity?

A
  • jugular foramen
119
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve supplies what muscle in the head and neck?

A
  • stylopharyngeus

ENT (6 decks)

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