Anatomy Flashcards
The ear is associated with what cranial bone?
- temporal bone
What is the function of the ear?
- hearing
- balance
What connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?
- Eustachian tube
What is the function of the external ear?
- collects sound waves and directs to middle ear
What is the function of the middle ear?
- conducts and amplifies vibrations to the inner ear
What is the function of the inner ear?
- Converts the vibration or movement of fluid into action potentials
What are the names of the 3 nasal conchae?
- inferior
- middle
- superior
What does the 3 nasal conchae create?
- 4 pathways for air to flow
Name the 4 pathways of nasal airflow (meatus)?
- inferior meatus
- middle meatus
- superior meatus
- spheno-ethmoidal recess
What sinuses drain into the semilunaris hiatus of the middle meatus?
- frontal
- maxillary
- anterior ethmoidal
What sinus drains into the ethmoidal bullae?
- middle ethmoidal sinuses
What sinus drains into the superior meatus?
- posterior ethmoidal sinus
The Eustachian tube drains into what meatus of the nasal cavity?
- inferior meatus
What is the role of paranasal sinuses?
- lightening the weight of the head
- increasing resonance of the voice
What nerve is responsible for sensation of the frontal paranasal sinuses?
- supraorbital nerve
Where does the sphenoid sinus drain?
- superior meatus
What are the branches of the external carotid artery proximal to distal?
- Superior thyroid
- Ascending pharyngeal
- Inguinal
- Facial
- Occipital
- Posterior auricular
- Maxillary
- Superficial temporal
What is the arterial supply to the cranial cavity?
- Internal carotid artery
- vertebral artery
Venous drainage from the head ends up where?
- Internal jugular vein
The foramen magnum is found in the _____ cranial fossa
- posterior
The foramen magnum is in the ___ cranial bone
- occipital
Contents of the foramen magnum?
- spinal cord
- vertebral arteries
- accessory nerve
Cribiform plate has what contents?
- olfactory nerve axons
Internal acoustic meatus is on what cranial bone?
- temporal
The glossopharyngeal nerve travels through what foramen?
- jugular foramen
Maxilliary nerve leaves through what foramen?
- foramen rotundum
3 regions of the pharynx?
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- layrngopharynx
Name the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx?
- epiglottis
- thyroid
- cricoid
What is the only elastic cartilage found in the larynx?
- epiglottis
What are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx?
- arytenoid
- corniculate
- cuniform
Name the 2 intrinsic ligaments of the larynx?
- cricothyroid ligament
- quadrangular membrane
Where does the sympathetic nerves synapse before they enter the head and neck?
- superior cervical ganglion
What special sensory nerve is involved in balance?
- CN VIII
- vestiobucochlear
What cranial nerve is involved in olfaction?
- CN I
Where is the olfactory epithelium found in the nasal cavity?
- superior
Where is smell processed in the brain?
- temporal lobe
- olfactory area
Epistaxis is the term used to describe?
- nosebleed
What is the name of the anastomosis of arteries in the medial wall of the nasal cavity?
- Kiesselbach area
- Little’s area
What are the 5 arteries that anastomatose to form Kiesselbach’s area?
- anterior ethmoidal artery
- posterior ethmoidal artery
- sphenopalatine artery
- greater palatine artery
- septal branch of superior labial artery
What is the largest component of the temporal bone?
- squamous region
What nerve controls the external acoustic meatus?
- CN V3
What gland produces ear wax?
- ceruminous glands
What is the most superior part of the auricle?
- helix
What is the most inferior part of the auricle?
- lobule
What divides the external and middle ear?
- tympanic membrane
What are the names of the 3 ossicles from lateral to medial?
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
What is the region that lies superior to the ossicles of the middle ear?
- epitympanic recess
What are the 2 muscles of the tympanic cavity?
- tensor tympani muscle
- stapedius muscle
Innervation of the tensor tympani muscle?
- CN V3
Innervation of the stapedius muscle?
- CN VII
Function of the stapedius muscle?
- attaches to stapes
- dampens sound of stapes on oval window
What is the prominent inferior part of the handle of malleus?
- umbo
Function of the Eustachian tube?
- equalises air pressure between middle ear and nasopharynx
What is the sensory nerve of the Eustachian tube?
- CN IX
The optic capsule is fully developed at birth?
TRUE/FALSE
- TRUE
The bony labyrinth is filled with what?
- perilymph
The membranous labyrinth is filled with what?
- endolymph
What makes up the bony labyrinth?
- cochlea
- vestibule
- 3 semi-circular canals
What makes up the membranous labyrinth?
- cochlear duct
- semi-circular duct
- utericle
- saccule
The stapes vibrates onto what to spread sound information?
- oval window
What are the names of the mechanoreceptors that sense sound?
- hair cells
What is the region of the inner ear that dampens pressure waves?
- round window
What is the superior and inferior aspect of the cochlear apparatus?
- superior = scala vestibuli
- inferior = scala tympani
What apparatus is responsible for balance perception?
- vestibular apparatus
Semicircular ducts detect __angular/linear___ movement?
- angular
Utricle and saccule ducts detect ___ angular/linear___ movement?
- linear
Vesibulocohlear nerve division?
- vestibular = balance
- cochlear = hearing
Where does the vestibular and cochlear nerve come together to form the vestibulocohlear nerve?
- internal acoustic meatus
What is the facial nerve role?
- parasympathetic secreomotor
- taste
- facial movement
Where does the facial nerve leave the cranial cavity?
- stylomastoid formaen
Facial nerve has 3 main divisions in ENT?
- Nerve to stapedius
- greater petrosal nerve
- chorda tympani
What division of the facial nerve is responsible for mucous and lacrimal gland?
- greater petrosal nerve
What division of the facial nerve is responsible for the tongue and sublingual gland
- chorda tympani
Sensory supply to posterior 1/3 tongue?
- CN IX
Sensory supply to anterior 2/3 tongue?
- CN V3
Explain the pterygopalatine ganglion?
- parasympathetic ganglion
- suspended from maxillary nerve
- innervated by greater petrosal branch of facial nerve
Muscles of mastication are innervated by what nerve?
- CN V3
Name the 4 muscles of mastication?
- masseter
- temporalis
- medial pterygoid
- lateral pterygoid
What mastication muscle is responsible for opening the mouth?
- lateral pterygoid
What is the role of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue and what innervates them?
- change the shape of the tongue
- CN XII
Name the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
- superior longitudinal
- inferior longitudinal
- transverse
- vertical
What is the role of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue and what innervates them?
- movement of the tongue within the oral cavity
- CN XII except palatoglossus CN X
Name the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
- styloglossus
- genioglossus
- hypoglossus
- palatoglossus
What nerve innervates the palatoglossus?
- CN X
What is innervation to the palate?
- CN V3
Name the 3 foramina in the hard palate
- incisive canal
- greater palatine foramen
- lesser palatine foramen
Name the 2 main muscles of the soft palate?
- tensor veli palatini
- levator veli palatini
What is the name of the part of the pharyngeal muscles that separates down the midline?
- pharyngeal raphe
Name the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
- stylopharyngeus
- salpingopharyngeus
- palatopharyngeus
Name the circular muscles of the pharynx?
- superior pharyngeal constrictor
- middle pharyngeal constrictor
- inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Innervation to stylopharyngeus?
- CN IX
Muscles responsible for adduction of vocal cord?
- lateral cricoarytenoid
- arytenoid
Muscle responsible for abduction of rima glottidis?
- posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
Name the suprahyoid muscles?
- stylohyoid
- digastric
- mylohyoid
- geniohyoid
Name the infrahyoid muscles?
- omohyoid
- sternohyoid
- sternothyroid
- thyrohyoid
What are the 3 phases of deglutition
- oral phase
- pharyngeal phase
- oesophageal phase
What is the role of the facial nerve in deglutition?
- labial seal
- tightens cheek
What innervates the soft palate during swallowing?
- CN X
General sensation of the hard palate what nerve?
- CN V2
Hypoglossal nerve supplies all muscles of the tongue except?
- palatoglossus
Describe the pharyngeal phases during swallowing?
- elevation of soft palate (CN X)
- Posterior pressure from tongue
- hyolaryngeal elevation
- pharyngeal constriction contraction
Lower 2/3rd of oesophagus is ___ muscle?
- smooth
What is contained within the parapharyngeal space?
- sympathetic trunk
- common carotid artery
- CN X
What is the clinical significance of the retropharyngeal space?
- spread of infection to mediastinum
What nerve is the sensory aspect of the gag reflex?
- CN IX
What is the efferent nerves involved in the gag reflex>
- CN IX
- CN X
- CN XII
Vestibular folds are also known as?
- false vocal cord
What part of the head and neck is responsible for sound amplification?
- pharynx
Tension of the vocal cords has what effect on sound production?
- increases pitch
All intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by___
- CN X
What tenses the vocal ligaments?
- circothyroid muscle
What muscle relaxes the vocal ligaments?
- thyroarytenoid muscle
Innervation of the mucosa above vocal fold?
- internal laryngeal nerve
- except circothyroid
Innervation of the mucosa below vocal folds?
- inferior laryngeal nerve
Sensory afferent nerve for cough reflex?
- CN X
Motor efferent nerve for cough?
- CN X
- CN XII
- CN VII
Define dysphonia?
- inability to produce an appropriate level of phonation
Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve leave the cranial cavity?
- jugular foramen
glossopharyngeal nerve supplies what muscle in the head and neck?
- stylopharyngeus
