Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
The ear is associated with what cranial bone?
A
- temporal bone
2
Q
What is the function of the ear?
A
- hearing
- balance
3
Q
What connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?
A
- Eustachian tube
4
Q
What is the function of the external ear?
A
- collects sound waves and directs to middle ear
5
Q
What is the function of the middle ear?
A
- conducts and amplifies vibrations to the inner ear
6
Q
What is the function of the inner ear?
A
- Converts the vibration or movement of fluid into action potentials
7
Q
What are the names of the 3 nasal conchae?
A
- inferior
- middle
- superior
8
Q
What does the 3 nasal conchae create?
A
- 4 pathways for air to flow
9
Q
Name the 4 pathways of nasal airflow (meatus)?
A
- inferior meatus
- middle meatus
- superior meatus
- spheno-ethmoidal recess
10
Q
What sinuses drain into the semilunaris hiatus of the middle meatus?
A
- frontal
- maxillary
- anterior ethmoidal
11
Q
What sinus drains into the ethmoidal bullae?
A
- middle ethmoidal sinuses
12
Q
What sinus drains into the superior meatus?
A
- posterior ethmoidal sinus
13
Q
The Eustachian tube drains into what meatus of the nasal cavity?
A
- inferior meatus
14
Q
What is the role of paranasal sinuses?
A
- lightening the weight of the head
- increasing resonance of the voice
15
Q
What nerve is responsible for sensation of the frontal paranasal sinuses?
A
- supraorbital nerve
16
Q
Where does the sphenoid sinus drain?
A
- superior meatus
17
Q
What are the branches of the external carotid artery proximal to distal?
A
- Superior thyroid
- Ascending pharyngeal
- Inguinal
- Facial
- Occipital
- Posterior auricular
- Maxillary
- Superficial temporal
18
Q
What is the arterial supply to the cranial cavity?
A
- Internal carotid artery
- vertebral artery
19
Q
Venous drainage from the head ends up where?
A
- Internal jugular vein
20
Q
The foramen magnum is found in the _____ cranial fossa
A
- posterior
21
Q
The foramen magnum is in the ___ cranial bone
A
- occipital
22
Q
Contents of the foramen magnum?
A
- spinal cord
- vertebral arteries
- accessory nerve
23
Q
Cribiform plate has what contents?
A
- olfactory nerve axons
24
Q
Internal acoustic meatus is on what cranial bone?
A
- temporal
25
The glossopharyngeal nerve travels through what foramen?
- jugular foramen
26
Maxilliary nerve leaves through what foramen?
- foramen rotundum
27
3 regions of the pharynx?
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- layrngopharynx
28
Name the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx?
- epiglottis
- thyroid
- cricoid
29
What is the only elastic cartilage found in the larynx?
- epiglottis
30
What are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx?
- arytenoid
- corniculate
- cuniform
31
Name the 2 intrinsic ligaments of the larynx?
- cricothyroid ligament
| - quadrangular membrane
32
Where does the sympathetic nerves synapse before they enter the head and neck?
- superior cervical ganglion
33
What special sensory nerve is involved in balance?
- CN VIII
| - vestiobucochlear
34
What cranial nerve is involved in olfaction?
- CN I
35
Where is the olfactory epithelium found in the nasal cavity?
- superior
36
Where is smell processed in the brain?
- temporal lobe
| - olfactory area
37
Epistaxis is the term used to describe?
- nosebleed
38
What is the name of the anastomosis of arteries in the medial wall of the nasal cavity?
- Kiesselbach area
| - Little's area
39
What are the 5 arteries that anastomatose to form Kiesselbach's area?
- anterior ethmoidal artery
- posterior ethmoidal artery
- sphenopalatine artery
- greater palatine artery
- septal branch of superior labial artery
40
What is the largest component of the temporal bone?
- squamous region
41
What nerve controls the external acoustic meatus?
- CN V3
42
What gland produces ear wax?
- ceruminous glands
43
What is the most superior part of the auricle?
- helix
44
What is the most inferior part of the auricle?
- lobule
45
What divides the external and middle ear?
- tympanic membrane
46
What are the names of the 3 ossicles from lateral to medial?
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
47
What is the region that lies superior to the ossicles of the middle ear?
- epitympanic recess
48
What are the 2 muscles of the tympanic cavity?
- tensor tympani muscle
| - stapedius muscle
49
Innervation of the tensor tympani muscle?
- CN V3
50
Innervation of the stapedius muscle?
- CN VII
51
Function of the stapedius muscle?
- attaches to stapes
| - dampens sound of stapes on oval window
52
What is the prominent inferior part of the handle of malleus?
- umbo
53
Function of the Eustachian tube?
- equalises air pressure between middle ear and nasopharynx
54
What is the sensory nerve of the Eustachian tube?
- CN IX
55
The optic capsule is fully developed at birth?
TRUE/FALSE
- TRUE
56
The bony labyrinth is filled with what?
- perilymph
57
The membranous labyrinth is filled with what?
- endolymph
58
What makes up the bony labyrinth?
- cochlea
- vestibule
- 3 semi-circular canals
59
What makes up the membranous labyrinth?
- cochlear duct
- semi-circular duct
- utericle
- saccule
60
The stapes vibrates onto what to spread sound information?
- oval window
61
What are the names of the mechanoreceptors that sense sound?
- hair cells
62
What is the region of the inner ear that dampens pressure waves?
- round window
63
What is the superior and inferior aspect of the cochlear apparatus?
- superior = scala vestibuli
| - inferior = scala tympani
64
What apparatus is responsible for balance perception?
- vestibular apparatus
65
Semicircular ducts detect __angular/linear___ movement?
- angular
66
Utricle and saccule ducts detect ___ angular/linear___ movement?
- linear
67
Vesibulocohlear nerve division?
- vestibular = balance
| - cochlear = hearing
68
Where does the vestibular and cochlear nerve come together to form the vestibulocohlear nerve?
- internal acoustic meatus
69
What is the facial nerve role?
- parasympathetic secreomotor
- taste
- facial movement
70
Where does the facial nerve leave the cranial cavity?
- stylomastoid formaen
71
Facial nerve has 3 main divisions in ENT?
- Nerve to stapedius
- greater petrosal nerve
- chorda tympani
72
What division of the facial nerve is responsible for mucous and lacrimal gland?
- greater petrosal nerve
73
What division of the facial nerve is responsible for the tongue and sublingual gland
- chorda tympani
74
Sensory supply to posterior 1/3 tongue?
- CN IX
75
Sensory supply to anterior 2/3 tongue?
- CN V3
76
Explain the pterygopalatine ganglion?
- parasympathetic ganglion
- suspended from maxillary nerve
- innervated by greater petrosal branch of facial nerve
77
Muscles of mastication are innervated by what nerve?
- CN V3
78
Name the 4 muscles of mastication?
- masseter
- temporalis
- medial pterygoid
- lateral pterygoid
79
What mastication muscle is responsible for opening the mouth?
- lateral pterygoid
80
What is the role of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue and what innervates them?
- change the shape of the tongue
| - CN XII
81
Name the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
- superior longitudinal
- inferior longitudinal
- transverse
- vertical
82
What is the role of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue and what innervates them?
- movement of the tongue within the oral cavity
| - CN XII except palatoglossus CN X
83
Name the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
- styloglossus
- genioglossus
- hypoglossus
- palatoglossus
84
What nerve innervates the palatoglossus?
- CN X
85
What is innervation to the palate?
- CN V3
86
Name the 3 foramina in the hard palate
- incisive canal
- greater palatine foramen
- lesser palatine foramen
87
Name the 2 main muscles of the soft palate?
- tensor veli palatini
| - levator veli palatini
88
What is the name of the part of the pharyngeal muscles that separates down the midline?
- pharyngeal raphe
89
Name the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
- stylopharyngeus
- salpingopharyngeus
- palatopharyngeus
90
Name the circular muscles of the pharynx?
- superior pharyngeal constrictor
- middle pharyngeal constrictor
- inferior pharyngeal constrictor
91
Innervation to stylopharyngeus?
- CN IX
92
Muscles responsible for adduction of vocal cord?
- lateral cricoarytenoid
| - arytenoid
93
Muscle responsible for abduction of rima glottidis?
- posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
94
Name the suprahyoid muscles?
- stylohyoid
- digastric
- mylohyoid
- geniohyoid
95
Name the infrahyoid muscles?
- omohyoid
- sternohyoid
- sternothyroid
- thyrohyoid
96
What are the 3 phases of deglutition
- oral phase
- pharyngeal phase
- oesophageal phase
97
What is the role of the facial nerve in deglutition?
- labial seal
| - tightens cheek
98
What innervates the soft palate during swallowing?
- CN X
99
General sensation of the hard palate what nerve?
- CN V2
100
Hypoglossal nerve supplies all muscles of the tongue except?
- palatoglossus
101
Describe the pharyngeal phases during swallowing?
- elevation of soft palate (CN X)
- Posterior pressure from tongue
- hyolaryngeal elevation
- pharyngeal constriction contraction
102
Lower 2/3rd of oesophagus is ___ muscle?
- smooth
103
What is contained within the parapharyngeal space?
- sympathetic trunk
- common carotid artery
- CN X
104
What is the clinical significance of the retropharyngeal space?
- spread of infection to mediastinum
105
What nerve is the sensory aspect of the gag reflex?
- CN IX
106
What is the efferent nerves involved in the gag reflex>
- CN IX
- CN X
- CN XII
107
Vestibular folds are also known as?
- false vocal cord
108
What part of the head and neck is responsible for sound amplification?
- pharynx
109
Tension of the vocal cords has what effect on sound production?
- increases pitch
110
All intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by___
- CN X
111
What tenses the vocal ligaments?
- circothyroid muscle
112
What muscle relaxes the vocal ligaments?
- thyroarytenoid muscle
113
Innervation of the mucosa above vocal fold?
- internal laryngeal nerve
| - except circothyroid
114
Innervation of the mucosa below vocal folds?
- inferior laryngeal nerve
115
Sensory afferent nerve for cough reflex?
- CN X
116
Motor efferent nerve for cough?
- CN X
- CN XII
- CN VII
117
Define dysphonia?
- inability to produce an appropriate level of phonation
118
Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve leave the cranial cavity?
- jugular foramen
119
glossopharyngeal nerve supplies what muscle in the head and neck?
- stylopharyngeus
