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MB1: Cardio > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

which nerve descends across lateral borders of pericardium and anterior of lung root

A

phrenic nerve

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2
Q

which nerve descends behind the hilum

A

vagus nerve

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3
Q

visceral serous pericardium is in contact with?

A

the heart

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4
Q

treatment of cardiac tamponade

A

pericardiocentesis, continuous aspiration after needle insertion into infresternal angle superoposteriorly

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5
Q

what is the transverse pericardial sinus and what is it used for

A

space posterior to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, used to isolate the great vessels for cardiopulmonary bypass

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6
Q

borders of the heart

A

inferior
superior
left lateral
right lateral

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7
Q

where is the heart apex

A

5th intercostal space, mid clavicular line

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8
Q

what are the coronary arteries

A

arteries that supply the myocardium with blood and oxygen

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9
Q

the right coronary artery branches into

A

right marginal artery

posterior interventricular artery

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10
Q

left main stem coronary artery branches to

A

circumflex
LAD
left marginal
lateral branch

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11
Q

what prevents valve prolapse

A

papillary muscles and chordae tendinae

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12
Q

what is the moderator band

A

extension of tissue from IV septum carrying electrical signal to anterior papillary muscle of anterior cusp of valve of tricuspid

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13
Q

what is found in right atrium

A 
opening of SVC and IVC
opening of coronary sinus 
SAN
Foramen ovale 
crista terminalis
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14
Q

what is found in left atrium

A

left auricle
bilateral openings of pulmonary veins
foramen ovale dent (possibly)

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15
Q

tunica intima is

A

endothelial cells with basal lamina and thin connective tissue

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16
Q

T media is

A

smooth muscle, sheets of elastic fibres in large arteries

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17
Q

T adventitia is

A

connective tissue

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18
Q

T intima separated from T media by

A

internal elastic membrane

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19
Q

T media separated from T adventitia by

A

external elastic membrane

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20
Q

what are pericytes

A

connective tissue cells with elastic properties

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21
Q

how big are capillaries usually

A

4-8 microns

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22
Q

types of capillary

A

continuous
fenestrated
discontinuous

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23
Q

when does a post capillary venule become a venule

A

when T media gets intermittent smooth muscle cells

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24
Q

what do veins have that arteries no not?

A

valves

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25
Q

large veins have a large T adventitia as well as what?

A

longitudinally oriented smooth muscle

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26
Q

what is the epicardium made up of

A

mesothelia, basal lamina, fibroelastic connective tissue and sometimes adipose

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27
Q

what is the myocardium made up of

A

thick layer contractile cardiac muscle with intercalated disks. contains collagenous connective tissue with capillaries

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28
Q

what is the endocardium made up of

A

endothelial cells with thin collagen fibres

denser connective tissue with subendocardium

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29
Q

what is subendocardium

A

loose connective tissue with blood vessels and branches of impulse conducting system

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30
Q

what does the heart’s fibrous skeleton do?

A

supports valves and provides attachment for cardiac muscle fibres
electrically isolates atria and ventricles

31
Q

what are heart valves made up of

A

endothelium, basal lamina, collagen, elastic fibres and lamina fibrosa

32
Q

what are purkinje fibres

A

larger than usual cardiac myocytes in the subendocardial layer that distribute excitatory activity

33
Q

functions of lymphatic system

A

drain excess interstitial fluid

immune surveilance

34
Q

how does lymph travel through the body with no pump?

A

smooth muscle in walls of lymph vessels, compression of skeletal muscle, and valves

35
Q

what is a ganglion

A

collection of nerve cell bodies

36
Q

where do presynaptic sympathetic nerve fibres exit the spinal cord

A

T1-L2/3

37
Q

what are postsynaptic fibres going to heart and lungs called

A

cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

38
Q

what is the cardiac plexus

A

anastamoses of nerves at the hear, containing sympathetic, parasympathetic and visceral afferent innervation

39
Q

where are ganglia for the parasympathetic system found

A

in head and neck as well as directly on organs

40
Q

where are ganglia for the sympathetic system found

A

on the left and right sympathetic chain

41
Q

___ innervation is carried by the vagus nerve as well as the ____ reflex

A

parasympathetic

baroreceptor

42
Q

somatic pain is ____

A

sharp/stabbing

43
Q

visceral pain is ____

A

dull/achy

44
Q

____ gyrus of ____ lobe is somatomotor

A

precentral

frontal

45
Q

____ gyrus of ____ lobe is somatosensory

A

postcentral

parietal

46
Q

what is the sensory homunculus

A

illustrates areas of cerebral neocortex where sensations from different soma reach consciousnesd

47
Q

what would e found in the middle mediastinum

A

heart and great vessels

48
Q

what nerves would be found in the posterior mediastinum

A 
right/left sympathetic chain
right/left abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves 
recurrent laryngeal nerve
left/right phrenic nerve
left/right vagus nerve
49
Q

what embryological remnant is left in the posterior mediastinum

A

ligamentum arteriosum

50
Q

what is referred pain

A

referred pain is caused when afferent somatic and visceral afferents enter spinal cord at same level, the brain chooses to believe the visceral pain is actually from the soma

51
Q

where would cardiac referred pain be felt

A

upper arm, jaw, back, neck

52
Q

what is radiating pain

A

pain originating in somatic structure is along affected dermatome
if visceral pain is felt in the dermatome at which level the visceral afferent enters the sympathetic chain

53
Q

3 most common occlusions of coronary arteries

A

LAD
RCA
circumflex

54
Q

CABG grafts may be obtained from

A

great saphernous vein
Radial artery
internal thoracic artery by pedicle

55
Q

SAN and AVN get their blood supply from LAD. true/false

A

false - it is usually RCA

56
Q

IV septum gets blood from?

A

posterior IV artery and LAD or anterior IV artery

57
Q

what is the thoracic inlet bound by

A

rib 1
T1
jugular notch

58
Q

contents of superior mediastinum

A 
brachiocephalic veins 
trachea
oesophagus 
arch of aorta 
thoracic duct
59
Q

what composes the right brachiocephalic vein and what does it combine with the left to create?

A

right subclavian and right IJV

SVC

60
Q

where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve hook under

A

brachiocephalic artery

61
Q

where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve hook under

A

ligamentum arteriosum

62
Q

phrenic nerve is more lateral/medial and vagus is more lateral/medial

A

phrenic - lateral

vagus - medial

63
Q

what nerve is the recurrent laryngeal a branch of?

A

vagus

64
Q

how would the thymus appear in a 20 year old man

A

as fat tissue, it is turned to fat in puberty

65
Q

what is located in the posterior mediastinum

A 
main bronchi
oesophagus 
vagus nerve
descending aorta
thoracic duct 
azygous vein 
sympathetic chains
66
Q

aorta descends through the diaphragm by the ____

A

aortic hiatus

67
Q

what arteries branch of the medial of descending aorta

A

visceral medial arteries

68
Q

how many bilateral intercostal arteries are there?

A

11

69
Q

describe passage of lymph from body excluding right upper quadrant

A

travels into thoracic duct to left venous angle where it is returned to circulation

70
Q

describe the passage of lymph in the lungs

A

lymph to bronchopulmonary lymph nodes and then to tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes
right lung drains into right lymphatic duct and left to thoracic duct

71
Q

true/false- the left lower lobe of the lung can drain into the right thoracic duct

A

true - but it is very uncommon

72
Q

where does the thoracic duct originate from and through where in the diaphragm does it travel

A

cisterna chyli

aortic hiatus

73
Q

how is referred pain from liver felt in shoulder tip

A

phrenic nerve (C3, 4, 5) supplies parietal peritoneal lining with innervation
if the lining is irritated it is carried to C 3, 4, 5 of CNS, but dermatome for shoulder tip is also carried to C3 and 4 by supraclavicular nerves
brain refers the pain

MB1: Cardio (17 decks)

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