Anatomy Flashcards
How many bones are in the foot
26 (not including sesamoids)
how many joints are in the foot
35
Name the accessory ossicles (10)
- os intermetatarsium
- os vesalianum
- os tibiale externum
- os supranaviculare
- os peroneum
- os calcaneus secondarius
- os sustentaculi
- os trigonum
- os subtibiale
- os subfibulare
Os intermetatarsium
between 1st cuneiform and 1st- 2nd metatarsal bases
Os vesalianum
proximal 5th met base
os tibiale externum
accessory navicular
os supranaviculare
dorsal aspect of the navicular
os peroneum
sesamoid bone in PB tendon
os calcaneus secondarius
dorsal anterior process of calcaneus
os sustentaculi
posterior aspect of sustentaculum tali
os trigonum
posterior aspect of talus
os subtibiale
distal to medial malleolus
os subfibulare
distal to lateral malleolus
Name the avascular necroses (13)
- Renandier
- Trevor
- Theiman
- Freiberg
- Iselen
- Buschke
- Kohler
- Lance
- Diaz
- Severe’s
- Blount
- Osgood-schlatter
- Legg-Calve-Perthes
Renandier
tibial sesamoid
Trevor
fibular sesamoid
Theiman
Phalanges
Freiberg’s
Met heads
Iselen
5th metatarsal base
Buschke
Cuneiforms
Kohler
Navicular
Lance
Cuboid
Diaz
Talus
Severe’s
calcaneus
Blount
proximal medial tibial epiphysis
Osgood-Schlatter
tibial tuberosity
Legg-calve-perthes
femoral epiphysis
What attaches periosteum to bone
Sharpey fibers
What are the different types of coalitions (3)
- syndesmosis: fibrous
- synchondrosis: cartilagenous
- Synostosis: osseous
What is the difference between a coalition and a bar
coalition: intra-articular fusion of two bones
bar: extra-articular fusion
What is the most common coalition in the foot
distal and missle phalanx of 5th digitis
What is the most common coalition in the rearfoot
talocalcaneal
What is a steida process
enlarged os trigonum
What is the only bone in the foot without any muscle origin or tendon insertion
Talus
What are the plantar muscle layers in the foot from superficial to deep
1) abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi
2) quadratus plantae, 4 lumbricals
3) flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi
4) 3 plantar interossei, 4 dorsal interossei
What layer of the foot does FDL run
2nd layer- it is the origin of the lumbricals and the insertion of QP
What deformity will result from cutting QP
digits 4 and 5 will become adductovarus
How is EDL attached to the proximal phalanxes
sling wraps around capsule which attaches to plantar plate, DTML, and flexor tendon sheath thus attaching to plantar proximal phalanx.
No direct insertion to proximal phalanx
What is the origin and insertion of the capsularis tendon
origin- EHL muscle or tendon
Insertion- first MPJ capsule
What is the Master Knot of Henry
fibrous connection between FHL and FDL
What structures attach to the fibular sesamoid (6)
- plantar MTP ligament
- lateral met-sesamoid ligament
- Intersesamoidal ligament
- phalangeal-sesamoidal ligament
- FHB tendon
- ADH tendon
Are the sesamoids capsular or extra-capsular
capsular
What is the Lisfranc ligament
attaches lateral aspect of medial cuneiform to medial base of 2nd metatarsal
What structures in the Lisfranc joint are not connected by ligaments
1st and 2nd metatarsals
What is the spring ligament
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
What ligaments compose the bifurcate ligaments
- dorsal calcaneonavicular
- calcaneocubiod ligaments
Which is stronger-lateral ankle ligaments or the deltoid ligaments
deltoid ligament
What are the components of the deltoid ligaments
Superficial- tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneal, posterior tibiotalar
Deep- Anterior tibiotalar
What tendons pass over the deltoid ligament
Tibialis posterior and FDL
What are the lateral ankle ligaments
anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular
What angle do the ATFL and CFL create
105 degrees
What is the strongest lateral ankle ligament
posterior talofibular
Which ankle ligaments are exra-capsular which are capsular
calcaneofibular ligament is extra capsular
all others are capsular
What tendons pass over the lateral ankle ligaments
PB and PL
what ligaments support the ankle syndesmosis (3)
- AITFL
- PITFL
- interosseous tibiofibular ligament
What is the Bassett ligament
AITFL
what is another name for the flexor retinaculum
laciniate ligament
what is another name for the superior extensor retinaculum
transverse crural ligament
What is another name for the inferior extensor retinaculum
cruciate crural ligament
Where does plantaris insert
medial aspect of tendo-Achilles into the calcaneus
What is the incidence of peroneus quartus
7%
What is the Hoke tonsil
fibrous, fatty plug within the sinus tarsi
What is pes anserinus
insertion of sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus.
-Where bursa may cause knee pain
What is a Bakers cyst
swelling of the bursa between the tendons of the medial head of the gastroc and semimembranosous
What is a fabella
sesamoid bone occasionally found in the tendon of lateral head of gastrocnemius
What nerves form the sural nerve
- Branch of tibial: medial sural cutaneous
- branch of common peroneal: branch of the lateral sural cutaneous nerve: sural communicating branch
Does a neuroma lie dorsal or plantar to the deep transverse intermetatarsal ligament
plantar
Where do these muscles run in relation to the deep transverse intermetatarsal ligament
- Interossei
- lumbricals
Interossei- dorsal
lumbricals- plantar
What layers of the foot do the plantar nerves run
Medial plantar- in the first layer
Lateral plantar nerve- between 1st and 2nd
What do the medial plantar nerve and artery supply
Never LAFF at A FAD
- Medial plantar Nerve
- 1st Lumbrical
- ABH
- FHB
- FDB
medial plantar Artery
- FDB
- ABH
- 1st Dorsal interossei
What are the branches of the femoral nerve
- Nerve to femoral artery
- small muscular to pectineus
Anterior division (cutaneous)
- –anterior femoral cutaneous
- –nerve to sartorius
- –intermediate femoral cutaneous
- –medial femoral cutaneous
Posterior division(muscular)
- –saphenous
- –infrapatellar branch
- –medial crural cutaneous
- –nerve to rectus femorus
- –nerve to vastus medialis
- –nerve to vastus intermed
- –nerve to vastus lateralis
branches of femoral artery (8)
- superficial epigastric
- superficial circumflex iliac
- superficial external pudendal
- deep femoral
- medial femoral circumflex
- lateral femoral circumflex
- descending genicular
- femoral artery becomes popliteal
Trace the path of a drop of blood from left ventricle to the hallux(15)
- ascending aorta
- aortic arch
- descending aorta
- thoracic aorta
- abdominal aorta
- common iliac artery
- external iliac artery
- femoral artery
- deep femoral artery
- popliteal artery
- anterior tibial artery
- dorsalis pedis
- 1st dorsal metatarsal
- 1st common dorsal digital
- 1st proper dorsal digital artery
Sources of blood to the talus (3)
- superior surface of head and neck:artery of the sinus tarsi and branch from anterior tibial artery or dorsalis pedis
- medial side: artery of tarsal canal and posterior tibial artery
- lateral tubercle: anastamosis of branch of peroneal artery with medial calcaneal branch
What are sources of blood supply to tendons
- myotendinous junction
- paratenon
- insertion to bone
