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Cardiovascular > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major features of the hilum?

A

Pulmonary arteries and veins and the main bronchi

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2
Q

What are the minor features of the hilum?

A

Pulmonary lymphatic vessels, bronchopulmonary lymph nodes, pulmonary visceral afferents and autonomic motor nerves

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3
Q

Where do the phrenic nerves run in relation to the lung?

A

Anterior

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4
Q

Where does the vagus nerve run in relation to the lung?

A

Posterior

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5
Q

Where do the phrenic nerves run in relation to the pericardium?

A

Lateral

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6
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium lined internally by?

A

Parietal serous pericardium

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7
Q

What is another name for the visceral serous pericardium which covers the anterior surface of the heart?

A

Epicardium

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8
Q

What secretes pericardial fluid?

A

Visceral serous pericardium/epicardium

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9
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity?

A

Between the visceral and parietal serous pericardium

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10
Q

What is a haemopericardium and what can this cause?

A

Pericardial cavity fills with blood, causing pressure to rise and contractions be prevented= cardiac tamponade

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11
Q

Where is the needle inserted for a pericardiocentesis?

A

Via the subcostal angle and ascending superoposteriorly

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12
Q

What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

A space within the pericardial cavity posterosuperiorly

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13
Q

Where does the transverse pericardial sinus lie posterior to?

A

Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

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14
Q

What comprises the base (posterior) surface of the heart?

A

Left atrium

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15
Q

What does the inferior surface of the heart sit on top of?

A

Diaphragm

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16
Q

Where is the apex beat usually felt, what will happen to it if cardiomegaly is present?

A

Usually 5th intercostal space mid-clavicular line- cardiomegaly will shift it left

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17
Q

The heart is in the ? mediastinum?

A

Middle

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18
Q

The lateral nerve seen on the heart is the ? and the medial nerve is the ?

A

Lateral- phrenic

Medial- vagus

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19
Q

The internal jugular vein and subclavian vein join to make the ? and the left and right of these join to make the ?

A

Brachiocephalic veins

SVC

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20
Q

What does the aortic arch give off?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery

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21
Q

What does the brachiocephalic trunk give off?

A

Right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery

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22
Q

Which coronary artery is found in the coronary/atrio-ventricular groove?

A

Right coronary artery

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23
Q

The right atrio-ventricular groove is the surface marking for what?

A

Tricuspid valve

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24
Q

The LAD artery is a branch of the ? and is found in the ? groove

A

Left coronary artery

Anterior interventricular groove

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25
Q

The LAD artery is also known as what?

A

Anterior interventricular artery

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26
Q

The coronary sinus is what type of vessel?

A

Vein

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27
Q

Where is the coronary sinus found?

A

Atrioventricular groove posteriorly

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28
Q

The coronary sinus drains blood from the cardiac veins into where?

A

Right atrium

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29
Q

What are the first branches of the aorta?

A

Left and right coronary arteries

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30
Q

What does the right coronary artery give off?

A

Right marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery

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31
Q

What does the left coronary artery give off?

A

LAD artery and left circumflex artery and left marginal artery

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32
Q

The lateral/diagonal is a coronary artery branched from where?

A

The LAD artery

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33
Q

What coronary vessels anastomose?

A

Left circumflex artery and braches of the right coronary artery

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34
Q

What can a septal defect lead to?

A
  • Mixed oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
  • reduces oxygen content of arterial blood
  • causes hypoxaemia
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35
Q

What are the part between the atria and auricle?

A

Crista terminalis

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36
Q

Which two valves have a semilunar design?

A

Aortic and pulmonary

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37
Q

Which two valves have a leaflet design?

A

Mitral and tricuspid

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38
Q

What are cardiac muscles attached to the chamber walls?

A

Papillary muscles

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39
Q

What connects the papillary muscles to the valves?

A

Chordae tendinae

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40
Q

What does the modurator band do?

A

Carries fibres of the right bundle branch to the papillary muscle

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41
Q

Which valve has anterior, posterior and septal cusps?

A

Tricuspid

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42
Q

Which valve has posterior and anterior cusps?

A

Mitral

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43
Q

The remains of what embryological structure may be present in the interior of the left atrium?

A

Foramen ovale

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44
Q

What nerves reach the heart via the cardiac plexus?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and visceral afferents (i.e. autonomic innervation)

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45
Q

Where do visceral reflex afferents to the heart travel within?

A

Vagus nerve

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46
Q

Where does the sympathetic chain lie?

A

Posterior mediastinum

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47
Q

What does a presynaptic sympathetic fibre do?

A

Connects signal between CNS and ganglion (synapse)

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48
Q

What does a ganglion do?

A

Allows the synapse between the axon of the presynaptic neuron and the body of the postsynaptic neurone

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49
Q

What is the general name for the chemical signal that allows a synapse?

A

Neurotransmitters

50
Q

What is the specific pre-synaptic neurotransmitter in sympathetic fibres?

A

Acetylcholine

51
Q

What is the specific post-synaptic neurotransmitter in sympathetic fibres?

A

Noradrenaline

52
Q

What does a postsynaptic fibre do?

A

Connects between the ganglion (synapse) and organ

53
Q

Where do sympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord?

A

T1-L2

54
Q

When sympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord what can they do?

A

Synapse at that level, or travel inferiorly or superiorly in the sympathetic chain to synapse at another level

55
Q

What are the post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves to the heart and lungs known as?

A

Cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves (T1-T5 ganglia)

56
Q

Sympathetic ganglia which don’t from the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves will instead form what?

A

Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves

57
Q

Where are cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves found?

A

Deep to the heart, superficial to the trachea

58
Q

What is the specific pre-synaptic neurotransmitter in parasympathetic fibres?

A

Acetylcholine

59
Q

What is the specific post-synaptic neurotransmitter in parasympathetic fibres?

A

Acetylcholine

60
Q

What 4 cranial nerves does parasympathetic innervation travel in? Which is involved in innervation of the heart?

A

III, VII, IX, X

Vagus to heart

61
Q

What is vagal tone?

A

Continuous outflow of APs from the vagus nerve to slow the heart rate

62
Q

When does pain sensation reach consciousness?

A

Cerebral cortex

63
Q

Where are body wall sensations brought into consciousness after APs arriving in visceral afferents?

A

Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe

64
Q

Where are APs originated to bring about contractions of skeletal muscle in the body wall?

A

Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

65
Q

Which side of the mediastinum is known as the venous side and which is the arterial side?

A

Left- arterial side

Right- venous side

66
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

Remnants of the ductus arteriosus connecting the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch

67
Q

What is the only part of the aorta which will be in the posterior mediastinum?

A

Thoracic (descending)

68
Q

Where do visceral (pain) afferents enter once they reach the spinal cord?

A

Posterior rootlets

69
Q

Somatic pain radiates where?

A

Along the affected dermatome

70
Q

Visceral pain radiates where?

A

Along the dermatome supplied by the spinal nerve where the visceral afferent enters the spinal cord

71
Q

Where is cardiac pain referred to?

A

Upper limbs, back, neck or jaw

72
Q

What vessels are used for a CABG?

A

Great saphenous vein, radial artery, internal thoracic (mammary) artery

73
Q

A branch of what coronary artery usually supplies the SA and AV nodes?

A

Branch of right coronary

74
Q

What can it result in if the coronary branch to the SA and AV nodes are damaged by ischaemia?

A

Arrhythmias

75
Q

Ischaemia of the AV node and bundle branches lead to what?

A

Complete heart block

Bundle branch block

76
Q

What is the thoracic inlet bound by?

A

Rib 1, T1 and jugular notch

77
Q

What is found between the sternal angle and the T4/5 intervertebral discs?

A

Transverse thoracic plane

78
Q

Where is the anterior mediastinum?

A

Between the sternum and fibrous pericardium

79
Q

What is found in the anterior pericardium?

A

Thymus gland in childhood, this is replaced by adipose tissue after puberty

80
Q

What is found in the middle mediastinum?

A

Pericardium, heart and parts of great vessels which connect to the heart

81
Q

What parts of great vessels are found in the middle mediastinum?

A

Inferior part of SVC, superior part of IVC, pulmonary arteries/veins/trunk and ascending aorta

82
Q

Where does the thoracic duct carry lymph to?

A

Left venous angle

83
Q

What are the 7 things in the posterior mediastinum?

A

Azygous vein, sympathetic chains, thoracic duct, vagus nerves/vagal trunks, main bronchi, thoracic aorta, oesophagus

84
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate and what part of the mediastinum is it in?

A

Sternal angle- superior mediastinum

85
Q

Vagal trunks pass through the diaphragm with the ? onto the ?

A

With oesophagus, onto stomach

86
Q

What does the vagal plexus arise from?

A

Right and left vagus nerves combining behind the heart

87
Q

Where is the thoracic duct found?

A

Between the azygous vein and oesophagus

88
Q

What vessel can be ruptured during chest trauma?

A

Azygous vein

89
Q

Where is the azygous vein in relation to the lung root?

A

Superior

90
Q

What drains posteriorly into the azygous vein?

A

Intercostal veins

91
Q

What are the first branches of the aorta?

A

Coronary arteries

92
Q

What branch bilaterally from the thoracic aorta and what do these supply?

A

Posterior intercostal arteries to supply intercostal spaces

93
Q

What are the 5 branches of the anterior surface of the thoracic aorta?

A

Bronchial, oesophageal, mediastinal, pericardial, phrenic

94
Q

What do bronchial arteries supply?

A

Lung tissue

95
Q

What do mediastinal arteries supply?

A

Lymph nodes

96
Q

Right lymphatic duct drains lymph where?

A

Right venous angle

97
Q

Where is the left venous angle?

A

Between the subclavian and internal jugular vein

98
Q

Where does lymph from the lungs drain to first?

A

Broncho-pulmonary lymph nodes

99
Q

Where are broncho-pulmonary lymph nodes found?

A

Surrounding main bronchus at the lung root

100
Q

Where does lymph from the lungs drain to secondly?

A

Tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes

101
Q

Where are the tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes?

A

Around the bifurcation of the trachea

102
Q

What is the surface anatomy of the left venous angle?

A

Sternoclavicular joint

103
Q

What is the cisterna chyli?

A

The swollen part of the thoracic duct in the abdomen

104
Q

What does the right phrenic nerve pass through the diaphragm with?

A

IVC

105
Q

Where is the vagus nerve in relation to the trachea?

A

Lateral aspect

106
Q

Left vagus nerve crosses the ? and then gives off the ? which hooks underneath ?

A

Left vagus nerve crosses the aorta (anteriorly) and then gives off the recurrent laryngeal branch which hooks underneath ligamentum arteriosum and aortic arch

107
Q

What 5 things are found in the superior mediastinum from anterior to posterior?

A

Brachiocephalic veins and SVC, arch of aorta, trachea, oesophagus, thoracic duct

108
Q

What are the 3 things found in the superior mediastinum from lateral to medial?

A

Phrenic nerves, vagus nerves, recurrent laryngeal nerves

109
Q

What are central veins?

A

Veins which are close enough to the heart to reflect the pressure in the right atrium

110
Q

There are many central veins, what are the main 2?

A

Internal jugular vein, femoral veins

111
Q

At 45 degrees the JVP should be no more than ?cm superior to the sternal angle?

A

3cm

112
Q

Where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve hook under? Does it enter the chest?

A

Under the subclavian artery

Does not enter the chest

113
Q

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve hook under? Does it enter the check?

A

Under the aortic arch

Does enter the chest

114
Q

What is the phrenic nerve formed from?

A

Anterior rami of C3, 4, 5

115
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve supply somatic sensory sensation to?

A

Diaphragmatic parietal peritoneum and pleura, mediastinal parietal pleura and fibrous pericardium

116
Q

What can cause referred pain from the diaphragm?

A

Liver abscess or inflammation of the gallbladder

117
Q

What are C3 and 4 known as? What do they supply?

A

Supraclavicular nerves, supply shoulder tip

118
Q

What should you always think of if a patient presents with shoulder tip pain?

A

Something affecting the sensory territory of the phrenic nerve

119
Q

What does the vagus nerve contain?

A

Somatic sensory and motor nerves and autonomic parasympathetic nerves

120
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerve contains somatic sensory and motor supply to where?

A

Sensory- palate, laryngopharynx, larynx

Motor- pharynx and larynx

121
Q

What does the vagus nerve contain once it has branched to form the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Parasympathetic nerves for thoracic and abdominal organs

Cardiovascular (23 decks)

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