Anatomy

Question 1

How would you anatomically describe the kidneys?

Answer 1

Paired retroperitoneal organs situated in the posterior part of the abdomen, and on each side of the vertebral column.

Question 2

What is the anatomical location of the kidneys?

Answer 2

Upper pole of each kidney is opposite the twelfth thoracic vertebra, and lower pole is opposite the second or thoird lumbar vertebra with the right kidney more caudal.

Question 3

What is the normal size of the kidney?

Answer 3

Approx 11-12 cm in length 5.0-7.5 in width and 2.5-3.0 cm in thickness

Question 4

What are some of the anterior anatomical relations of the left kidney?

Answer 4

The supradrenal gland, the spleen the stomach, the left colic flexure and the jejunum

Question 5

What are some of the anatomical relations of the posteiror kidney?

Answer 5

The diaphram, the 11th and 12th ribs, the psoas major, the quardartu lumrum and the tranversus abdominus muscles.

Question 6

What are some of the anterior relations of the right kidney?

Answer 6

The supradrenal gland, the liver the duodenum and the right colic flexure

Question 7

What are some of the posterior anatomical relations of the right kidney?

Answer 7

Diapthram the 12th rib, the psoas major, the quadratus lumrum and the traversus abdominius muscles

Question 8

What is the different between paranephric fat and perinephric fat?

Answer 8

Perinephric fat is around the kidney whereas paranephric fat is around the kidney fascia

Question 9

Where does the renal atery enter the kidney?

Answer 9

The Hilium

Question 10

What is the sequence of blood vessels found in the kidney?

Answer 10

Renal atery - Segmental artery - Interlobar ateries (each side of the renal pyramid)- acrute ateries- interlobular ateries- efferent arterioles (in a Perittubular network)- glomeruli

Question 11

What is the drainage of the kidneys?

Answer 11

The paillae drain into the minor calcyces, which drain into the major calcyes

Question 12

Where do the renal calcyes drain?

Answer 12

The renal pelvis

Question 13

What does a renal sinus contain?

Answer 13

Blood vessels

Question 14

What are some of the structural features of the ureters?

Answer 14

Two thick tubes which act to transport urine, each about 25 cm long, smooth muscle in them contracts to produce peristalic waves, which propels urine towards the bladder..

Question 15

Describe some of the locational features of the ureters?

Answer 15

Go from retroperitoneal to peritoneal at the pelvic rim,

Question 16

Where are the three most common areas in the ureter for obstructions?

Answer 16

The uteropelvic junction, the pelvic rim and where the ureter enters the bladder.

Question 17

What is the most common cause of trauma to the ureters?

Answer 17

Uteres run under the uterine Atery and so in a hysterectomy the ureteris could be damaged as the uteric atery is closed

Question 18

What is the ligament associated with the bladder?

Answer 18

The median umbilical ligament

Question 19

What is the trigone in the bladder?

Answer 19

The area which is smoother (contains no rugae) and where the orifices are found

Question 20

What are the two spinchters controlling the outflow of urine?

Answer 20

The internal and external urethral spinchters

Question 21

What is the specalised smooth muscle found in the bladder?

Answer 21

The detrusor muscle

Question 22

What are the different nerve supplies to the bladder?

Answer 22

Sympatheic is the hypogastric nerve (T12-L2), Parasympathic is the pelvic nerve(S2-S4) and the rest is supplied by the pedudal nerve.

Question 23

What are the differing types of structure within the prostate gland?

Answer 23

2/3 is glandular and 1/3 is fibromuscular

Question 24

What is the aterial supply of the prostate gland?

Answer 24

The prostatic ateries help to provide the blood supply

Question 25

What are the four areas of the male urethra?

Answer 25

The pre-prostatic, the prostatic, the membranous and the spongy urethra

Question 26

What are the two angles in the male urethra?

Answer 26

The prepubic and the infrapubic angles

Question 27

What are the two surfaces the female urethra passess through?

Answer 27

The perineal membrane and the pelvic floor

Question 28

Where does the ureter cross the pelvic brim?

Answer 28

At the level of the sacroiliac joint, anterior to the bifurcation of the common iliac artery to pierce the inferior surface of the bladder

Question 29

Where does the ureter enter the bladder?

Answer 29

The posteriolateral surface

Question 30

What structures does the ureter pass around in males?

Answer 30

Passes under the ductus deferens and the seminal vessels

Question 31

What structures does the ureter pass around in women?

Answer 31

Descends posterior to the ovary and into the base of the broad ligament, passing underneath the uterine atery

Question 32

What is the blood supply of the ureter?

Answer 32

Supplied by branches of the common and internal iliac aterys and the uterine, and is drained by the veins of the same name

Question 33

Where is the bladder found anatomically?

Answer 33

Posterior to the pubic bones and the pubic symphysis

Question 34

What is the ridge in the bladder between the two openings called?

Answer 34

The interura fold

Question 35

Where is the site of attachement for the urachus on the bladder?

Answer 35

Anterior angle or the apex of the bladder

Question 36

What is the urachus?

Answer 36

The fibrous remnant of the allantois

Question 37

What is the arrangment of detrusor muscle in the bladder?

Answer 37

Fibres running transversely, inferiorly nd onluqaully, and in the region of the bladder next the detrusor muscle runs circulalry and helps to act as a spincther

Question 38

What is the bladder mucosa known as?

Answer 38

Rugae