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Anatomy 2nd midterm > Anatomy 2nd midterm ( Structure of the Lung ) 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy 2nd midterm ( Structure of the Lung ) 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The diaphragm is derived from _________ of cervic

A

hypaxial musculature

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2
Q

Diaphragm is innervated by the __________, segment ___, ___, ___.

A

1 ) right and left phrenic nerves

2) (C3,4,5).

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3
Q

Diaphragm is a muscular _____ -shaped structure.

A

dome

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4
Q

How many types and total ligaments are in the diaphragm?

Name them

A

Three types and 5 ligaments in total.

1) Median ligament
2) Right medial ligament
3) Left medial ligament
4) Right lateral ligament
5) Left lateral ligament

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5
Q

The diaphragm ligaments are called?

A

Arcuate ligaments

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6
Q

Right and left Crura are ___________ that help _____ diaphragm.

A

1) muscular columns

2) attach

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7
Q

what does the trachea branch into

A

2 Primary Bronchi (right and left)

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8
Q

what does the primary bronchi branch into

A

to many Secondary Bronchi

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9
Q

what does the secondary bronchi branch into

A

to many Tertiary Bronchi

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10
Q

The ________ branch into many Bronchioles

A

tertiary bronchi

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11
Q

what do the bronchioles branch into

A

Alveoli (where gas exchange occurs)

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12
Q

the right lung has 3 _____ and __ branches

A

1 ) lobes

2) 3

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13
Q

the left lung has __ branches and 2 ________.

A

1 ) 2

2) branches

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14
Q

lungs are highly _________

A

vascularized

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15
Q

All blood vessels are derived from

A

mesoderm

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16
Q

Arteries tend to run ______ to branches of _______.

A

1) ventral

2) bronchial tree.

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17
Q

The arteries, veins and tubes going in to the lungs enters about a same area called __________.
( it is also Where bronchi and vessels disappear into tissue of lung)

A

ROOT OF THE LUNG

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18
Q

what are the 3 lobes on the right lung called?

A

1) superior lobe (upper)
2) middle lobe
3) inferior lobe (lower)

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19
Q

what are the 2 lobes on the left lung called?

A

1) superior lobe (upper)

2) inferior lobe (lower)

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20
Q

The right lung has 2 fissures called?

A

1) horizontal ( between the upper and middle lobe)

2) oblique ( between the middle and lower lobe)

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21
Q

the left lung has 1 fissure called?

A

1) oblique ( between the upper and lower lobe)

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22
Q

veins in lungs are more variable in _____.

A

pattern

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23
Q

Smaller sections of the lobes are called

A

Bronchopulmonary segmental (each lung has 10 segments)

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24
Q

The blood vessels in the lungs are arranged in a certain way to

A

increase and maximize surface area for gas exchange.

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25
Q

The branching patterns in the lungs and in nature follow what kind of pattern

A

a mathematical problem (bronchi –>secondary–>tertiary–>Alveoli.

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26
Q

What kind of pleura is in between the right and left lung

A

mediastinal pleura

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27
Q

the part of the parietal pleura that is up against the rip cage is called

A

Costal pleura

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28
Q

the coating right on the surface of the diaphragm is called

A

Diaphragmatic pleura

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29
Q

what kind of pleura is located on the first rib and the lung can’t expand to

A

Cupola pleura

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30
Q

lungs can’t expand to the ___________ recess pleura, that is located ___________, & ___________.

A

1) Costodiphragmatic Recess
2) Costal pleura
3) diaphragmatic pleura

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31
Q

what is pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the tissues that line the lungs and chest cavity.

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32
Q

coelomic cavity is filled with _______, without it things will stick

A

fluid

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33
Q

Pleura secretes ________ (for lubrication and to pull lungs when body wall moves).

A

coelomic fluid

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34
Q

the painful chaffing between visceral and parietal pleura.

A

Pleurisy

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35
Q

The __________ is the partition between the right and left pleura and the enclosed lungs.

A

“MEDIASTINUM”

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36
Q

Smooth muscle can constrict or open ___________

A

respiratory tree

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37
Q

what parasympathetic nerve controls constriction

A

VAGUS N. (X)

38
Q

Pre- and postganglionic sympathetic fibers synapse in ____________ of sympathetic trunk.

A

thoracic region

39
Q

Pre- and postganglionic sympathetic fibers synapse in thoracic region of sympathetic trunk.
Then, they go up into the neck (cervical sympathetic trunk) and back down to lungs. WHY?

A

Lungs started out in the neck, and then moved down. The nerves were simply following!
(VERY IMPORTANT)

40
Q

what sort of fibers cause the respiratory tree to open up

A

sympathetic fibers

41
Q

What sort of fibers cause the respiratory tree to constrict

A

parasympathetic (vagus)

42
Q

what are the sympathetic segments of the heart and lungs

A

T1-4

43
Q

_______ ________ attach to 1st & 2nd ribs, so when they contract, 1st and 2nd Ribs.

A

Scalene muscles

44
Q

Ribs move like ____________

A

bucket handles

45
Q

Each successive rib pulls on the next via _____________

A

intercostal muscles

46
Q

When ribs/bucket handles move up and out, VOLUME OF ____________________

A

THORACIC CAVITY INCREASES

47
Q

Intercostal muscles are __________ muscles

A

hypaxial

48
Q

All ________ muscles are hypaxial muscles

A

breathing

49
Q

A part of the __________ muscles becomes diaphragm

A

Scalene

50
Q

Scalenes are segmentally innervated

A

C 2 - 7

51
Q

Each successive rib pulls on the next via _____________

A

intercostal muscles.

52
Q

when volume OF THORACIC CAVITY increases

A

PRESSURE DECREASES ( and we suck)

53
Q

When PRESSURE DECREASES Air gets _________

A

SUCKED IN

54
Q

we can increase the volume of our thoracic cavities by contracting our ribs:
__________ breathing
__________ breathing

A

1) costal

2) diaphragmic

55
Q

why can’t babies costal breath?

A

because their ribs are not ossified yet, so they can only breath with their diaphragm.

56
Q

Inhalation can be increased by ________ the amplitude of movements

A

increasing

57
Q

____________ is facilitated by all the muscles of the ribcage, pressurizing coelom, and contracting limb muscles around the axial body wall.

A

Forced Exhalation

58
Q

forced exhalation causes bucket handles to move ________

A

down

59
Q

Pressurizing coelom (pushes diaphragm back up into dome-shape) ________ thoracic volume to push air out.

A

decreases

60
Q

Contracting limb muscles around the axial body wall can help ___________.

A

compress thoracic cavity.

61
Q

HUMANS BOTH ______ AND ______.

A

1) SUCK

2) BLOW

62
Q

Normal Breathing is about __________ per breath.

A

half a liter

63
Q

Tidal volume is ________________

A

normal breathing at rest

64
Q

Inspiratory Reserve is _______________

A

the extra amount beyond normal

65
Q

Vital Capacity is ___________

A

the maximum you can inhale and exhale

66
Q

Residual volume is __________

A

what we can’t exhale because we can’t collapse our tubes out.

67
Q

Inspiratory reserve +

tidal volume = ___________

A

inspiratory capacity.

68
Q

the muscles that help you inhale are all ________

A

hypaxial muscles C2

69
Q

what is the innervation for Scalene muscles

A

C 2-7

70
Q

Breathing is “_________ behavior powered by ________ muscles.”

A

1) involuntary

2) voluntary

71
Q

CO2 in blood dissociates into ___________

A

CARBONIC ACID.

72
Q

More carbonic acid means __________

A

lower pH.

73
Q

___________ at junction of internal and external carotid

A

CAROTID BODIES

74
Q

____________ on arch of aorta

A

AORTIC BODY

75
Q

______________&_____________Sense pH and communicate with medulla.

A

1) CAROTID BODIES
2) AORTIC BODY
(both tells the base of the brain what we need)

76
Q

Increased CO2 (in form of carbonic acid) or increased blood pressure signals from carotid and aortic bodies.

Carotid bodies and arotic body tell medullary rhymicity centers.

Medullary rhymicity centers can then increase activity of apneustic area (deeper breathing.)

A

Increased CO2 (in form of carbonic acid) or increased blood pressure signals from carotid and aortic bodies.

Carotid bodies and arotic body tell medullary rhymicity centers.

Medullary rhymicity centers can then increase activity of apneustic area (deeper breathing.)

77
Q

what are the two sensory areas that helps to monitor blood PH for breathing

A

1) CAROTID BODIES

2) AORTIC BODY

78
Q

Decreased CO2 is called _______________.

A

RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS

79
Q

Alveoli are ________, thin enough for gas to pass across.

A

Microscopic airsacs

80
Q

Each alveolus is surrounded by __________(deoxygenated blood from pulmonary artery, oxygenated blood returned via pulmonary vein).

A

capillary plexus

81
Q

oxygen is picked up by __________

A

hemoglobin

82
Q

hemoglobin takes blood from __________ concentration to __________ concentration.

A

1) high

2) low

83
Q

Alveolar and capillary membranes are extremely _____

A

thin

84
Q

Specialized cells of alveolar lining secrete _______ chemicals.

A

Surfactant

85
Q

Surfactants reduce “___________” and prevent fluid from beading up on alveolar surface.

A

surface tension

86
Q

Surfactants Prevents the alveoli from ________ due to concentrated fluid weight.

A

collapsing

87
Q

Thinner layer of fluid makes gas ______ easier.

A

diffusion

88
Q

Alveoli contain lots of phagocytic cells that are called ______________

A

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES

89
Q

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES Ingest and destroy microorganisms and other _________ (from breathing them in…)

A

foreign substances

90
Q

________ can transport small bits of foreign material and mucous back up.

A

Cilia

Anatomy 2nd midterm (6 decks)

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