Anatomy 2nd midterm ( Structure of the Lung ) 2 Flashcards
The diaphragm is derived from _________ of cervic
hypaxial musculature
Diaphragm is innervated by the __________, segment ___, ___, ___.
1 ) right and left phrenic nerves
2) (C3,4,5).
Diaphragm is a muscular _____ -shaped structure.
dome
How many types and total ligaments are in the diaphragm?
Name them
Three types and 5 ligaments in total.
1) Median ligament
2) Right medial ligament
3) Left medial ligament
4) Right lateral ligament
5) Left lateral ligament
The diaphragm ligaments are called?
Arcuate ligaments
Right and left Crura are ___________ that help _____ diaphragm.
1) muscular columns
2) attach
what does the trachea branch into
2 Primary Bronchi (right and left)
what does the primary bronchi branch into
to many Secondary Bronchi
what does the secondary bronchi branch into
to many Tertiary Bronchi
The ________ branch into many Bronchioles
tertiary bronchi
what do the bronchioles branch into
Alveoli (where gas exchange occurs)
the right lung has 3 _____ and __ branches
1 ) lobes
2) 3
the left lung has __ branches and 2 ________.
1 ) 2
2) branches
lungs are highly _________
vascularized
All blood vessels are derived from
mesoderm
Arteries tend to run ______ to branches of _______.
1) ventral
2) bronchial tree.
The arteries, veins and tubes going in to the lungs enters about a same area called __________.
( it is also Where bronchi and vessels disappear into tissue of lung)
ROOT OF THE LUNG
what are the 3 lobes on the right lung called?
1) superior lobe (upper)
2) middle lobe
3) inferior lobe (lower)
what are the 2 lobes on the left lung called?
1) superior lobe (upper)
2) inferior lobe (lower)
The right lung has 2 fissures called?
1) horizontal ( between the upper and middle lobe)
2) oblique ( between the middle and lower lobe)
the left lung has 1 fissure called?
1) oblique ( between the upper and lower lobe)
veins in lungs are more variable in _____.
pattern
Smaller sections of the lobes are called
Bronchopulmonary segmental (each lung has 10 segments)
The blood vessels in the lungs are arranged in a certain way to
increase and maximize surface area for gas exchange.
The branching patterns in the lungs and in nature follow what kind of pattern
a mathematical problem (bronchi –>secondary–>tertiary–>Alveoli.
What kind of pleura is in between the right and left lung
mediastinal pleura
the part of the parietal pleura that is up against the rip cage is called
Costal pleura
the coating right on the surface of the diaphragm is called
Diaphragmatic pleura
what kind of pleura is located on the first rib and the lung can’t expand to
Cupola pleura
lungs can’t expand to the ___________ recess pleura, that is located ___________, & ___________.
1) Costodiphragmatic Recess
2) Costal pleura
3) diaphragmatic pleura
what is pleurisy
Inflammation of the tissues that line the lungs and chest cavity.
coelomic cavity is filled with _______, without it things will stick
fluid
Pleura secretes ________ (for lubrication and to pull lungs when body wall moves).
coelomic fluid
the painful chaffing between visceral and parietal pleura.
Pleurisy
The __________ is the partition between the right and left pleura and the enclosed lungs.
“MEDIASTINUM”
Smooth muscle can constrict or open ___________
respiratory tree
what parasympathetic nerve controls constriction
VAGUS N. (X)
Pre- and postganglionic sympathetic fibers synapse in ____________ of sympathetic trunk.
thoracic region
Pre- and postganglionic sympathetic fibers synapse in thoracic region of sympathetic trunk.
Then, they go up into the neck (cervical sympathetic trunk) and back down to lungs. WHY?
Lungs started out in the neck, and then moved down. The nerves were simply following!
(VERY IMPORTANT)
what sort of fibers cause the respiratory tree to open up
sympathetic fibers
What sort of fibers cause the respiratory tree to constrict
parasympathetic (vagus)
what are the sympathetic segments of the heart and lungs
T1-4
_______ ________ attach to 1st & 2nd ribs, so when they contract, 1st and 2nd Ribs.
Scalene muscles
Ribs move like ____________
bucket handles
Each successive rib pulls on the next via _____________
intercostal muscles
When ribs/bucket handles move up and out, VOLUME OF ____________________
THORACIC CAVITY INCREASES
Intercostal muscles are __________ muscles
hypaxial
All ________ muscles are hypaxial muscles
breathing
A part of the __________ muscles becomes diaphragm
Scalene
Scalenes are segmentally innervated
C 2 - 7
Each successive rib pulls on the next via _____________
intercostal muscles.
when volume OF THORACIC CAVITY increases
PRESSURE DECREASES ( and we suck)
When PRESSURE DECREASES Air gets _________
SUCKED IN
we can increase the volume of our thoracic cavities by contracting our ribs:
__________ breathing
__________ breathing
1) costal
2) diaphragmic
why can’t babies costal breath?
because their ribs are not ossified yet, so they can only breath with their diaphragm.
Inhalation can be increased by ________ the amplitude of movements
increasing
____________ is facilitated by all the muscles of the ribcage, pressurizing coelom, and contracting limb muscles around the axial body wall.
Forced Exhalation
forced exhalation causes bucket handles to move ________
down
Pressurizing coelom (pushes diaphragm back up into dome-shape) ________ thoracic volume to push air out.
decreases
Contracting limb muscles around the axial body wall can help ___________.
compress thoracic cavity.
HUMANS BOTH ______ AND ______.
1) SUCK
2) BLOW
Normal Breathing is about __________ per breath.
half a liter
Tidal volume is ________________
normal breathing at rest
Inspiratory Reserve is _______________
the extra amount beyond normal
Vital Capacity is ___________
the maximum you can inhale and exhale
Residual volume is __________
what we can’t exhale because we can’t collapse our tubes out.
Inspiratory reserve +
tidal volume = ___________
inspiratory capacity.
the muscles that help you inhale are all ________
hypaxial muscles C2
what is the innervation for Scalene muscles
C 2-7
Breathing is “_________ behavior powered by ________ muscles.”
1) involuntary
2) voluntary
CO2 in blood dissociates into ___________
CARBONIC ACID.
More carbonic acid means __________
lower pH.
___________ at junction of internal and external carotid
CAROTID BODIES
____________ on arch of aorta
AORTIC BODY
______________&_____________Sense pH and communicate with medulla.
1) CAROTID BODIES
2) AORTIC BODY
(both tells the base of the brain what we need)
Increased CO2 (in form of carbonic acid) or increased blood pressure signals from carotid and aortic bodies.
Carotid bodies and arotic body tell medullary rhymicity centers.
Medullary rhymicity centers can then increase activity of apneustic area (deeper breathing.)
Increased CO2 (in form of carbonic acid) or increased blood pressure signals from carotid and aortic bodies.
Carotid bodies and arotic body tell medullary rhymicity centers.
Medullary rhymicity centers can then increase activity of apneustic area (deeper breathing.)
what are the two sensory areas that helps to monitor blood PH for breathing
1) CAROTID BODIES
2) AORTIC BODY
Decreased CO2 is called _______________.
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
Alveoli are ________, thin enough for gas to pass across.
Microscopic airsacs
Each alveolus is surrounded by __________(deoxygenated blood from pulmonary artery, oxygenated blood returned via pulmonary vein).
capillary plexus
oxygen is picked up by __________
hemoglobin
hemoglobin takes blood from __________ concentration to __________ concentration.
1) high
2) low
Alveolar and capillary membranes are extremely _____
thin
Specialized cells of alveolar lining secrete _______ chemicals.
Surfactant
Surfactants reduce “___________” and prevent fluid from beading up on alveolar surface.
surface tension
Surfactants Prevents the alveoli from ________ due to concentrated fluid weight.
collapsing
Thinner layer of fluid makes gas ______ easier.
diffusion
Alveoli contain lots of phagocytic cells that are called ______________
ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES
ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES Ingest and destroy microorganisms and other _________ (from breathing them in…)
foreign substances
________ can transport small bits of foreign material and mucous back up.
Cilia
