Anatomy 2nd midterm ( METABOLISM AND NUTRITION ) 6

Question 1

Nutrients are used to
Provide _______
Form new body __________
Assist in various physiological functions/processes

Answer 1

1) Energy

2) components

Question 2

what are the Six classes of nutrients

Answer 2

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
Water

Question 3

_________ are all chemical reactions that occur in the body.

Answer 3

Metabolism

Question 4

_________ are responsible for combining smaller molecules into larger ones.

Answer 4

Anabolism

Question 5

_________ is breaking large molecules into smaller ones with release of energy.

Answer 5

Catabolism

Question 6

__________ are PROTEINS that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.

Answer 6

Enzymes

Question 7

the preferred form of carbohydrate that the body wants to use is ________

Answer 7

Glucose

Question 8

glucose is converted into long chains (polysaccharides) called glycogen in ______ and ___________.

Answer 8

1) liver

2) muscle cells

Question 9

Monosaccharide is

Answer 9

simple sugar that is easily processed and digested (from fruits and sugar cans)

Question 10

Polysaccharides means

Answer 10

a lot of sugar (complex sugar)

Question 11

REMEMBER-Glucose is the preferred form of sugar for body.
if your body does not need it immediately then,
Surplus in glucose converts to ________.
Surplus in glycogen converts to _________ and stores in _______ (fat) tissue.

Answer 11

1) glycogen
2) triglycerides
3) adipose

Question 12

LIPIDS have many hydrogen bonds, so lots _________

Answer 12

energy is stored

Question 13

what are the three forms of lipids?

Answer 13

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids

Question 14

Triglycerides is ____________

Answer 14

the storage form

Question 15

Phospholipids are fats needed in your ___________ and myelin sheaths

Answer 15

cell membranes

Question 16

steroids are sex cells that requires __________, a type of fat to signal to different parts of your body

Answer 16

cholesterol

Question 17

Excess lipids are stored in ____________.

Answer 17

adipose tissue

Question 18

PROTEINS
has Many functions: build structures, transport, cell movement, enzymes, specialized functions such as ___________)
Made up of ________)
During ________, they are broken down to individual amino acids

Answer 18

1) hemoglobin
2) amino acids
3) digestion

Question 19

proteins Can later be _________.

antibodies are proteins

Answer 19

rebuilt

Question 20

Liver can convert excess amino acids to __________

Large excess of amino acids is lost in ________.

Answer 20

1) triglycerides.

2) urine

Question 21

MINERALS are _________ nutrients required in small amounts. (we are talking about ions)

Answer 21

Inorganic

Question 22

minerals are About ____ of total body weight (mostly in skeleton).

Answer 22

4%

Question 23

what are the two types of minerals?

Answer 23

1) Macrominerals

2) Microminerals

Question 24

Macrominerals include

Answer 24

1) Calcium
2) Sodium
3) Potassium

Question 25

Microminerals (needed in only trace amounts) include

Answer 25

Iron

Question 26

VITAMINS are ________ nutrients required in small amounts

Answer 26

Organic

Question 27

vitamins Do not provide _________ or building materials, but act as co-enzymes

Answer 27

energy

Question 28

vitamins are divided into

Answer 28

1) Fat Soluble | 2) Water Soluble

Question 29

Fat Soluble is absorbed with lipids in ___________; can be stored in cells, ________ is an example

Answer 29

1) small intestine | 2) VITAMIN D

Question 30

Water Soluble is absorbed with water in _________; excess excreted in urine, not stored, _________ is an example of it.

Answer 30

1) large intestine | 2) vitamin C

Question 31

__________ is the sum role of all cellular activities that maintain the body.

Answer 31

METABOLISM

Question 32

___________ is the mechanical and chemical processes involved in breaking larger food particles down into smaller ones

Answer 32

DIGESTION

Question 33

__________ is the process by which molecules pass from the gut tube to the bloodstream and lymphatic circulation.

Answer 33

ABSORPTION

Question 34

the _______ Initials mechanical and chemical digestion.

Answer 34

MOUTH

Question 35

why are the nasal pharynx and oral pharynx separated by hard and soft components of the palate?

Answer 35

to allow breathing while chewing.

Question 36

chewing (teeth), manipulation of food by muscles of mastication (V3), buccinator (VII), and tongue (XII).

Answer 36

Mechanical Digestion

Question 37

salivary amylase (initial carbohydrate breakdown) – starch breakdown.

Answer 37

Chemical Digestion

Question 38

DETAIL ON TEETH: In maxilla or dentary: Incisors (4): _____________ Canines (2): ____________________________ Premolars (4): ___________________________ Molars (6): ___________________

Answer 38

1) tearing and nipping. 2) slashing, tearing, shearing, biting 3) larger, complexly surfaced, for chewing and grinding. 4) even larger grinding teeth.

Question 39

Esophagus is the First part of body in which ____________ takes place.

Answer 39

PERISTALSIS | Peristalsis – wave of muscular action that propels bolus of food down gut tube.

Question 40

STOMACH: Main functions: _________ Preparation of food before it moves to ________ Testing area in case of “______________”. Not an _________ structure.

Answer 40

1) Storage 2) small intestine 3) poisonous ingestion 4) absorptive

Question 41

Stomach: Mechanical Digestion Inner surface derived from ________. Three layers of smooth muscle (derived from mesoderm) to churn/mix food. Breaks food down and mixes with gastric secretions.

Answer 41

endoderm

Question 42

Rugae folds on internal surface of stomach. | what does it do?

Answer 42

1) Increase surface area 2) Allow distention. 3) When not completely distended, allows food to be pushed up against ridges for further mechanical digestion.

Question 43

_____________________ from Parietal Cells is the Primary gastric secretion:

Answer 43

HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCl)

Question 44

____________ lubricates food, protects stomach lining from HCl.

Answer 44

Mucous

Question 45

Zymogenic Cells (Chief Cells) – PEPSINOGEN. HCl cleaves pepsinogen into ________, which chemically digests proteins.

Answer 45

PEPSIN

Question 46

_______________secrete hormones that regulate stomach functions such as peristalsis, other secretions, etc.

Answer 46

Enteroendocrine Cells

Question 47

________ stimulates secretion of HCl. | It's secretion is controlled by the _______ nerve. Can be stimulated by smell, taste, chewing, swallowing.

Answer 47

1) Gastrin | 2) Vagus

Question 48

Food and secretions together are called _______

Answer 48

Chyme.

Question 49

SMALL INTESTINE: Most of the _________ of nutrients and water. Complete/finish __________ of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. it is made up of what three parts? Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Answer 49

1) absorption 2) chemical digestion 3) Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Question 50

Glands dumps into duodenum via ___________

Answer 50

common bile duct

Question 51

Liver via _________. Products stored in gall bladder via _________. Pancreas (usually directly into duodenum via ______________.)

Answer 51

1) bile duct 2) cystic duct 3) pancreatic duct

Question 52

(FOREGUT) LIVER: Detoxification Glycogen storage. Bile Secretion – bile is extremely _________. Neutralizes acidic material passed from ___________ Aids in ___________.

Answer 52

1) alkaline 2) stomach to duodenum 3) fat breakdown

Question 53

__________ Vagal stimulation promotes secretion of three pancreatic enzymes:

Answer 53

Exocrine Secretion

Question 54

____________ – splits large fats into smaller | _____________ – breaks down polysaccharides into monosaccharide and disaccharides.

Answer 54

1) Pancreatic Lipase | 2) Pancreatic amylase

Question 55

Pancreatic Proteolytic Enzymes – inactive forms of the following secreted into duodenum: __________ ___________ _____________

Answer 55

1) Trypsin 2) Chymotrypsin 3) Carboxypeptidase ( Enterokinase activates the trypsin. Trypsin activates the others.)

Question 56

MIDGUT: JEJUNUM AND ILEUM Morphology: Jejunum – about 2.5 meters ( 8 feet) Ileum – about 3.5 meters (11-12 feet) Great length increases absorptive surface area, and passage through it increases time for absorption. Plicae Circulares – internal folds of small intestine. Villi – tall, pillar-like bumps arise from internal surface to increase surface area. Inside each one: arterial branch, venous branch, nerve, lacteal. Intestinal glands – clefts between villi (old name = “Crypts of Lieberkuhn”).

Answer 56

read it again

Question 57

MIDGUT: JEJUNUM AND ILEUM Remaining Mechanical Digestion: _______________ – propel mushed-up foodstuff (chyme) ______________ – circularly arranged bands of smooth muscle can constrict small intestine to point of occlusion. Functions to break up chyme, keeping it loose and mushy.

Answer 57

1) Peristaltic Contractions | 2) Segmenting Contractions

Question 58

Absorption in the Small Intestine: ___________ – 80-90% of it entering gut tube is absorbed in small intestine. ___________ – primarily through microvilli of villi. ___________ – though columnar-shaped absorptive cells on the villi ________ – glycerol and free fatty acids combine with bile secretions to form a MICELLE ( hydrophilic outer surface; lipids internally) allowing them to be absorbed across villi

Answer 58

1) WATER 2) CARBOHYDRATES 3) PROTEINS 4) LIPIDS

Question 59

Lipid Processing: MICELLE absorbed across villi. Once inside cells, housed in endoplasmic reticulum. Lipids packed into protein coated droplets called CHYLOMICRONS. Sent to lacteal of villus.

Answer 59

read it again

Question 60

____________ facilitates absorption and use of calcium

Answer 60

Vitamin D

Question 61

B-12 requires specialized ________ carrier.

Answer 61

protein