Anatomy 2nd midterm ( METABOLISM AND NUTRITION ) 6 Flashcards
Nutrients are used to
Provide _______
Form new body __________
Assist in various physiological functions/processes
1) Energy
2) components
what are the Six classes of nutrients
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Minerals Vitamins Water
_________ are all chemical reactions that occur in the body.
Metabolism
_________ are responsible for combining smaller molecules into larger ones.
Anabolism
_________ is breaking large molecules into smaller ones with release of energy.
Catabolism
__________ are PROTEINS that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.
Enzymes
the preferred form of carbohydrate that the body wants to use is ________
Glucose
glucose is converted into long chains (polysaccharides) called glycogen in ______ and ___________.
1) liver
2) muscle cells
Monosaccharide is
simple sugar that is easily processed and digested (from fruits and sugar cans)
Polysaccharides means
a lot of sugar (complex sugar)
REMEMBER-Glucose is the preferred form of sugar for body.
if your body does not need it immediately then,
Surplus in glucose converts to ________.
Surplus in glycogen converts to _________ and stores in _______ (fat) tissue.
1) glycogen
2) triglycerides
3) adipose
LIPIDS have many hydrogen bonds, so lots _________
energy is stored
what are the three forms of lipids?
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Triglycerides is ____________
the storage form
Phospholipids are fats needed in your ___________ and myelin sheaths
cell membranes
steroids are sex cells that requires __________, a type of fat to signal to different parts of your body
cholesterol
Excess lipids are stored in ____________.
adipose tissue
PROTEINS
has Many functions: build structures, transport, cell movement, enzymes, specialized functions such as ___________)
Made up of ________)
During ________, they are broken down to individual amino acids
1) hemoglobin
2) amino acids
3) digestion
proteins Can later be _________.
antibodies are proteins
rebuilt
Liver can convert excess amino acids to __________
Large excess of amino acids is lost in ________.
1) triglycerides.
2) urine
MINERALS are _________ nutrients required in small amounts. (we are talking about ions)
Inorganic
minerals are About ____ of total body weight (mostly in skeleton).
4%
what are the two types of minerals?
1) Macrominerals
2) Microminerals
Macrominerals include
1) Calcium
2) Sodium
3) Potassium
Microminerals (needed in only trace amounts) include
Iron
VITAMINS are ________ nutrients required in small amounts
Organic
vitamins Do not provide _________ or building materials, but act as co-enzymes
energy
vitamins are divided into
1) Fat Soluble
2) Water Soluble
Fat Soluble is absorbed with lipids in ___________; can be stored in cells, ________ is an example
1) small intestine
2) VITAMIN D
Water Soluble is absorbed with water in _________; excess excreted in urine, not stored, _________ is an example of it.
1) large intestine
2) vitamin C
__________ is the sum role of all cellular activities that maintain the body.
METABOLISM
___________ is the mechanical and chemical processes involved in breaking larger food particles down into smaller ones
DIGESTION
__________ is the process by which molecules pass from the gut tube to the bloodstream and lymphatic circulation.
ABSORPTION
the _______ Initials mechanical and chemical digestion.
MOUTH
why are the nasal pharynx and oral pharynx separated by hard and soft components of the palate?
to allow breathing while chewing.
chewing (teeth), manipulation of food by muscles of mastication (V3), buccinator (VII), and tongue (XII).
Mechanical Digestion
salivary amylase (initial carbohydrate breakdown) – starch breakdown.
Chemical Digestion
DETAIL ON TEETH:
In maxilla or dentary:
Incisors (4): _____________
Canines (2): ____________________________
Premolars (4): ___________________________
Molars (6): ___________________
1) tearing and nipping.
2) slashing, tearing, shearing, biting
3) larger, complexly surfaced, for chewing and grinding.
4) even larger grinding teeth.
Esophagus is the First part of body in which ____________ takes place.
PERISTALSIS
Peristalsis – wave of muscular action that propels bolus of food down gut tube.
STOMACH:
Main functions:
_________
Preparation of food before it moves to ________
Testing area in case of “______________”.
Not an _________ structure.
1) Storage
2) small intestine
3) poisonous ingestion
4) absorptive
Stomach: Mechanical Digestion
Inner surface derived from ________. Three layers of smooth muscle (derived from mesoderm) to churn/mix food. Breaks food down and mixes with gastric secretions.
endoderm
Rugae folds on internal surface of stomach.
what does it do?
1) Increase surface area
2) Allow distention.
3) When not completely distended, allows food to be pushed up against ridges for further mechanical digestion.
_____________________ from Parietal Cells is the Primary gastric secretion:
HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCl)
____________ lubricates food, protects stomach lining from HCl.
Mucous
Zymogenic Cells (Chief Cells) – PEPSINOGEN. HCl cleaves pepsinogen into ________, which chemically digests proteins.
PEPSIN
_______________secrete hormones that regulate stomach functions such as peristalsis, other secretions, etc.
Enteroendocrine Cells
________ stimulates secretion of HCl.
It’s secretion is controlled by the _______ nerve. Can be stimulated by smell, taste, chewing, swallowing.
1) Gastrin
2) Vagus
Food and secretions together are called _______
Chyme.
SMALL INTESTINE:
Most of the _________ of nutrients and water.
Complete/finish __________ of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
it is made up of what three parts? Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
1) absorption
2) chemical digestion
3) Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
Glands dumps into duodenum via ___________
common bile duct
Liver via _________.
Products stored in gall bladder via _________.
Pancreas (usually directly into duodenum via ______________.)
1) bile duct
2) cystic duct
3) pancreatic duct
(FOREGUT) LIVER:
Detoxification
Glycogen storage.
Bile Secretion – bile is extremely _________.
Neutralizes acidic material passed from ___________
Aids in ___________.
1) alkaline
2) stomach to duodenum
3) fat breakdown
__________ Vagal stimulation promotes secretion of three pancreatic enzymes:
Exocrine Secretion
____________ – splits large fats into smaller
_____________ – breaks down polysaccharides into monosaccharide and disaccharides.
1) Pancreatic Lipase
2) Pancreatic amylase
Pancreatic Proteolytic Enzymes – inactive forms of the following secreted into duodenum:
__________
___________
_____________
1) Trypsin
2) Chymotrypsin
3) Carboxypeptidase
( Enterokinase activates the trypsin. Trypsin activates the others.)
MIDGUT: JEJUNUM AND ILEUM
Morphology:
Jejunum – about 2.5 meters ( 8 feet)
Ileum – about 3.5 meters (11-12 feet)
Great length increases absorptive surface area, and passage through it increases time for absorption.
Plicae Circulares – internal folds of small intestine.
Villi – tall, pillar-like bumps arise from internal surface to increase surface area. Inside each one: arterial branch, venous branch, nerve, lacteal.
Intestinal glands – clefts between villi (old name = “Crypts of Lieberkuhn”).
read it again
MIDGUT: JEJUNUM AND ILEUM
Remaining Mechanical Digestion:
_______________ – propel mushed-up foodstuff (chyme)
______________ – circularly arranged bands of smooth muscle can constrict small intestine to point of occlusion. Functions to break up chyme, keeping it loose and mushy.
1) Peristaltic Contractions
2) Segmenting Contractions
Absorption in the Small Intestine:
___________ – 80-90% of it entering gut tube is absorbed in small intestine.
___________ – primarily through microvilli of villi.
___________ – though columnar-shaped absorptive cells on the villi
________ – glycerol and free fatty acids combine with bile secretions to form a MICELLE ( hydrophilic outer surface; lipids internally) allowing them to be absorbed across villi
1) WATER
2) CARBOHYDRATES
3) PROTEINS
4) LIPIDS
Lipid Processing:
MICELLE absorbed across villi.
Once inside cells, housed in endoplasmic reticulum.
Lipids packed into protein coated droplets called CHYLOMICRONS.
Sent to lacteal of villus.
read it again
____________ facilitates absorption and use of calcium
Vitamin D
B-12 requires specialized ________ carrier.
protein
