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Anatomy 2nd midterm > Anatomy 2nd midterm ( METABOLISM AND NUTRITION ) 6 > Flashcards

Anatomy 2nd midterm ( METABOLISM AND NUTRITION ) 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrients are used to
Provide _______
Form new body __________
Assist in various physiological functions/processes

A

1) Energy

2) components

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2
Q

what are the Six classes of nutrients

A 
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
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3
Q

_________ are all chemical reactions that occur in the body.

A

Metabolism

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4
Q

_________ are responsible for combining smaller molecules into larger ones.

A

Anabolism

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5
Q

_________ is breaking large molecules into smaller ones with release of energy.

A

Catabolism

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6
Q

__________ are PROTEINS that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.

A

Enzymes

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7
Q

the preferred form of carbohydrate that the body wants to use is ________

A

Glucose

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8
Q

glucose is converted into long chains (polysaccharides) called glycogen in ______ and ___________.

A

1) liver

2) muscle cells

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9
Q

Monosaccharide is

A

simple sugar that is easily processed and digested (from fruits and sugar cans)

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10
Q

Polysaccharides means

A

a lot of sugar (complex sugar)

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11
Q

REMEMBER-Glucose is the preferred form of sugar for body.
if your body does not need it immediately then,
Surplus in glucose converts to ________.
Surplus in glycogen converts to _________ and stores in _______ (fat) tissue.

A

1) glycogen
2) triglycerides
3) adipose

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12
Q

LIPIDS have many hydrogen bonds, so lots _________

A

energy is stored

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13
Q

what are the three forms of lipids?

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids

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14
Q

Triglycerides is ____________

A

the storage form

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15
Q

Phospholipids are fats needed in your ___________ and myelin sheaths

A

cell membranes

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16
Q

steroids are sex cells that requires __________, a type of fat to signal to different parts of your body

A

cholesterol

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17
Q

Excess lipids are stored in ____________.

A

adipose tissue

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18
Q

PROTEINS
has Many functions: build structures, transport, cell movement, enzymes, specialized functions such as ___________)
Made up of ________)
During ________, they are broken down to individual amino acids

A

1) hemoglobin
2) amino acids
3) digestion

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19
Q

proteins Can later be _________.

antibodies are proteins

A

rebuilt

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20
Q

Liver can convert excess amino acids to __________

Large excess of amino acids is lost in ________.

A

1) triglycerides.

2) urine

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21
Q

MINERALS are _________ nutrients required in small amounts. (we are talking about ions)

A

Inorganic

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22
Q

minerals are About ____ of total body weight (mostly in skeleton).

A

4%

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23
Q

what are the two types of minerals?

A

1) Macrominerals

2) Microminerals

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24
Q

Macrominerals include

A

1) Calcium
2) Sodium
3) Potassium

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25
Q

Microminerals (needed in only trace amounts) include

A

Iron

26
Q

VITAMINS are ________ nutrients required in small amounts

A

Organic

27
Q

vitamins Do not provide _________ or building materials, but act as co-enzymes

A

energy

28
Q

vitamins are divided into

A

1) Fat Soluble

2) Water Soluble

29
Q

Fat Soluble is absorbed with lipids in ___________; can be stored in cells, ________ is an example

A

1) small intestine

2) VITAMIN D

30
Q

Water Soluble is absorbed with water in _________; excess excreted in urine, not stored, _________ is an example of it.

A

1) large intestine

2) vitamin C

31
Q

__________ is the sum role of all cellular activities that maintain the body.

A

METABOLISM

32
Q

___________ is the mechanical and chemical processes involved in breaking larger food particles down into smaller ones

A

DIGESTION

33
Q

__________ is the process by which molecules pass from the gut tube to the bloodstream and lymphatic circulation.

A

ABSORPTION

34
Q

the _______ Initials mechanical and chemical digestion.

A

MOUTH

35
Q

why are the nasal pharynx and oral pharynx separated by hard and soft components of the palate?

A

to allow breathing while chewing.

36
Q

chewing (teeth), manipulation of food by muscles of mastication (V3), buccinator (VII), and tongue (XII).

A

Mechanical Digestion

37
Q

salivary amylase (initial carbohydrate breakdown) – starch breakdown.

A

Chemical Digestion

38
Q

DETAIL ON TEETH:
In maxilla or dentary:
Incisors (4): _____________
Canines (2): ____________________________
Premolars (4): ___________________________
Molars (6): ___________________

A

1) tearing and nipping.
2) slashing, tearing, shearing, biting
3) larger, complexly surfaced, for chewing and grinding.
4) even larger grinding teeth.

39
Q

Esophagus is the First part of body in which ____________ takes place.

A

PERISTALSIS

Peristalsis – wave of muscular action that propels bolus of food down gut tube.

40
Q

STOMACH:
Main functions:
_________
Preparation of food before it moves to ________
Testing area in case of “______________”.
Not an _________ structure.

A

1) Storage
2) small intestine
3) poisonous ingestion
4) absorptive

41
Q

Stomach: Mechanical Digestion
Inner surface derived from ________. Three layers of smooth muscle (derived from mesoderm) to churn/mix food. Breaks food down and mixes with gastric secretions.

A

endoderm

42
Q

Rugae folds on internal surface of stomach.

what does it do?

A

1) Increase surface area
2) Allow distention.
3) When not completely distended, allows food to be pushed up against ridges for further mechanical digestion.

43
Q

_____________________ from Parietal Cells is the Primary gastric secretion:

A

HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCl)

44
Q

____________ lubricates food, protects stomach lining from HCl.

A

Mucous

45
Q

Zymogenic Cells (Chief Cells) – PEPSINOGEN. HCl cleaves pepsinogen into ________, which chemically digests proteins.

A

PEPSIN

46
Q

_______________secrete hormones that regulate stomach functions such as peristalsis, other secretions, etc.

A

Enteroendocrine Cells

47
Q

________ stimulates secretion of HCl.

It’s secretion is controlled by the _______ nerve. Can be stimulated by smell, taste, chewing, swallowing.

A

1) Gastrin

2) Vagus

48
Q

Food and secretions together are called _______

A

Chyme.

49
Q

SMALL INTESTINE:
Most of the _________ of nutrients and water.
Complete/finish __________ of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
it is made up of what three parts? Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

A

1) absorption
2) chemical digestion
3) Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

50
Q

Glands dumps into duodenum via ___________

A

common bile duct

51
Q

Liver via _________.
Products stored in gall bladder via _________.
Pancreas (usually directly into duodenum via ______________.)

A

1) bile duct
2) cystic duct
3) pancreatic duct

52
Q

(FOREGUT) LIVER:
Detoxification
Glycogen storage.

Bile Secretion – bile is extremely _________.
Neutralizes acidic material passed from ___________
Aids in ___________.

A

1) alkaline
2) stomach to duodenum
3) fat breakdown

53
Q

__________ Vagal stimulation promotes secretion of three pancreatic enzymes:

A

Exocrine Secretion

54
Q

____________ – splits large fats into smaller

_____________ – breaks down polysaccharides into monosaccharide and disaccharides.

A

1) Pancreatic Lipase

2) Pancreatic amylase

55
Q

Pancreatic Proteolytic Enzymes – inactive forms of the following secreted into duodenum:
__________
___________
_____________

A

1) Trypsin
2) Chymotrypsin
3) Carboxypeptidase
( Enterokinase activates the trypsin. Trypsin activates the others.)

56
Q

MIDGUT: JEJUNUM AND ILEUM

Morphology:
Jejunum – about 2.5 meters ( 8 feet)
Ileum – about 3.5 meters (11-12 feet)
Great length increases absorptive surface area, and passage through it increases time for absorption.

Plicae Circulares – internal folds of small intestine.

Villi – tall, pillar-like bumps arise from internal surface to increase surface area. Inside each one: arterial branch, venous branch, nerve, lacteal.

Intestinal glands – clefts between villi (old name = “Crypts of Lieberkuhn”).

A

read it again

57
Q

MIDGUT: JEJUNUM AND ILEUM
Remaining Mechanical Digestion:
_______________ – propel mushed-up foodstuff (chyme)
______________ – circularly arranged bands of smooth muscle can constrict small intestine to point of occlusion. Functions to break up chyme, keeping it loose and mushy.

A

1) Peristaltic Contractions

2) Segmenting Contractions

58
Q

Absorption in the Small Intestine:
___________ – 80-90% of it entering gut tube is absorbed in small intestine.
___________ – primarily through microvilli of villi.
___________ – though columnar-shaped absorptive cells on the villi
________ – glycerol and free fatty acids combine with bile secretions to form a MICELLE ( hydrophilic outer surface; lipids internally) allowing them to be absorbed across villi

A

1) WATER
2) CARBOHYDRATES
3) PROTEINS
4) LIPIDS

59
Q

Lipid Processing:
MICELLE absorbed across villi.
Once inside cells, housed in endoplasmic reticulum.
Lipids packed into protein coated droplets called CHYLOMICRONS.
Sent to lacteal of villus.

A

read it again

60
Q

____________ facilitates absorption and use of calcium

A

Vitamin D

61
Q

B-12 requires specialized ________ carrier.

A

protein

Anatomy 2nd midterm (6 decks)

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