Anatomy 2nd midterm ( Immune and other Defense Systems ) 4 Flashcards
The Integumentary System is a ___________ defensive system, that includes the ________ and it’s appendages
1) Nonspecific
2) Skin
What are the three functions of the integument? (skin)
1) Protection
2) insulation
3) sensory
Defensive features of Integument is that it is Generally ___________.
Opening through it also have _________ and barriers in place.
It’s also slightly _________ to inhibit bacterial growth
1) impermeable (things don’t go thru)
2) sphincters
3) acidic
Openings (mouth and anus) have sphincters and associated __________ (sticky secretions inhibit entrance of foreign matter).
mucous membranes
___________ is a chemical in stage A of Superficial Inflammatory Response, that diffuses and is released from macrophages and cyanides certain things going back to capillary like a histamine.
Cytokine
Defensive proteins from the bloodstream help to contain _________
microbes
Histamines cause__________. When released, releases lots of fluid, causing RBC’s to follow ______ to their job.
1) irritation
2) WBC’s
Leukocytes help to ________ contained microbes
destroy
_________ are lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow, then are carried to lymphoid tissue via blood stream and lymphatic circulation
B-Lymphocytes
____________ is the removal of cellular debris and general invading microorganisms. (NONSPECIFIC)
PHAGOCYTES
what are the two types of PHAGOCYTES
1) Microphages
2) Macrophages
Microphages divides into _________ and __________
neutrophils and eosinophils
__________ target bacteria and debris
Neutrophils
_________ target both foreign substances and things covered with antiodies.
Eosinophils
Macrophages is larger, either fixed in a tissue, or _____________. Can come from remote locations to _____________.
1) highly mobile
2) attack invaders
____________ will attack pretty much any cell that looks abnormal; i.e. not presenting the surface cell proteins and other molecules associated with “self”.
(NONSPECIFIC)
NATURAL KILLER CELLS (“NK CELLS”)
NK CELLS will generally adhere to abnormal cells and causes ______ (tear them open) with an enzyme called __________
1) lysis
2) perforin
_____________ Known to have a role in attacking tumor cells (cancers).
Perforin
__________ are small proteins released by lymphocytes and macrophages, or tissues invaded by viruses. (NONSPECIFIC)
INTERFERONS
INTERFERONS Bind to surfaces of normal cells, and stimulates them to produce _____________ in their own cytoplasm.
anti-viral proteins
antiviral proteins do not prevent entrance of viruses into a cell, but it prevents their __________. This slows virus action until other cells can arrive to help _______ of them.
1) reproduction
2) dispose
COMPLEMENT (NONSPECIFIC)
Special proteins, about ___ different kinds.
They are called complement because they _________
___________
Together with _________, they will begin a series of reactions with other complement proteins to build an enzyme that will attach to an invader’s cell wall and ___ it. ( tear them up)
1) 30
2) do not act alone.
3) antibodies
4) lyse
__________ Creates an environment in which invaders such as viruses and bacteria do not reproduce well.
The problem is that very high ________ can interfere with other body functions.
1) Fever
2) fevers
LYMPHOCYTE-BASED DEFENSE
includes Cell-Mediated Immunity, based on the function of T-lymphocytes which defend against __________ & ________ in cells.
1) abnormal cells
2) pathgens
The body must be able to recognize the difference between “______” and “______” so that it may engage in self defense
1) self
2) nonself
ANTIGENS
A foreign substance or ________.
Any substance against which an _______ is produced.
More specifically, antigens are generally recognized as proteins or ___________ on the cell surface of an invading organism.
1) organism
2) antibody
3) polysaccarides
ANTIBODIES are Proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to an ________, They _____ to specific sites on antigen surfaces.
1) antigen
2) bind
Antibodies don’t kill organisms
they can ________ an invader, and
initiate the process of activating __________ and other natural killers.
1) inactivate
2) phagocytic cells
_________ Can combine with bacterial toxins or viruses to prevent attachment to target cells (“inactivation”).
antibodies
we have coding to deal w/ antigens that your body ________________
has never known
Antibodies are made by both ____________and ______________ ( both have cell in bone marrow)
1) T-lymphocytes: Specific antibodies ( T-Cells that have residence in the thymus gland)
2) B-lymphocytes: Specific antibodies and Natural antibodies.
ANTIBODY STRUCTURE belong to group of plasma proteins called “_________.”
globulins
ANTIBODY STRUCTURE
Made up of four __________ (amino acid chains).
Two longer and larger, two shorter and smaller.
Have the shape of a letter “Y”.
Intersection of arms and base of “Y shape” is flexible, allowing ___________ of antibody when it attaches to an antigen.
1) polypeptides
2) deformation
SPECIFIC COMPONENTS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM: LYMPHOCYTES *B-Lymphocytes (“B cells”) *T- Lymphocytes (“T cells”) - - - -
1) Natural Killer Cells (NK cells)
2) Helper Cells
3) Memory Cells
4) Suppressor Cells
____________ Mature in bone marrow, then carried to lymphoid tissue via blood stream and lymphatic circulation.
(This process of maturation and migration takes place throughout life.)
B-LYMPHOCYTES
Other lymphocytes can be generated via _________ of B lymphocytes resident in lymphoid tissues.
mitosis
T-LYMPHOCYTES
Immature lymphocytes leave bone marrow during fetal and early neonatal life.
Go to ___________
Mature there before they go on to other ____________
1) thymus gland
2) lymphoid tissues.
__________ that is derived from one of these original T-lymphocytes via mitosis is also a T-lymphocyte.
lymphocyte
____________ cells Directly attack antigens or abnormal cells
Cytotoxic T
___________ Respond to antigens that have been encountered before.
Memory T cells
Helper T cells Stimulate activity of both_________.
T can B cells
helper T cell stimulate the B cells to _______________
secrete antibodies
_____________ let other cells know that it is time to stop hunting. Regulate the immune response
Supressor T cells
T cell are for Recognition _________________
maintain, facilitate and control the immune response
B cells being more mobile Allows them to flow in and out of the ___________ as well as the cardiovascular system which speeds up the interaction between B cells and _______ more quickly
1) lymphatic system
2) antigens
B cell process
- Sensitization
- _______ pulled into the B cell
- Helper T cell gives the green light secreting ________
- B cells activate and ________
- Helper T cells gives the red light to stop making cytokines and copies
1) Antigen
2) cytokines
3) replicate
Plasma cells Make huge quantities of_________. This is when the effects of an antigen start to become knocked down
Antibodies
B Memory cells Long term ________. Recognize when infected with the same antigen for quicker response
immunity
Can pass through the placenta. Pass some antibodies to the baby
IgG
Small class of immunoglobins that can pass many epithelia. Pass IgG antibodies to other mammals through their milk
IgA
B cells- plasma cells created for more antibody carrying cells then released to circulatory systems
Primary immune response
Some activated B cells become plasma cells and some become B memory cells.
Secondary immune response
Natural antibodies Attach to _________ with the help Lectins, they can hold invaders at bay. Clean up cellular junk and debris.
invaders
Kills helper T cells which does not activate B cells therefore you get no response for ANY infection. Autoimmune
HIV and AIDS
