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Anatomy 2nd midterm > Anatomy 2nd midterm ( Immune and other Defense Systems ) 4 > Flashcards

Anatomy 2nd midterm ( Immune and other Defense Systems ) 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The Integumentary System is a ___________ defensive system, that includes the ________ and it’s appendages

A

1) Nonspecific

2) Skin

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2
Q

What are the three functions of the integument? (skin)

A

1) Protection
2) insulation
3) sensory

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3
Q

Defensive features of Integument is that it is Generally ___________.
Opening through it also have _________ and barriers in place.
It’s also slightly _________ to inhibit bacterial growth

A

1) impermeable (things don’t go thru)
2) sphincters
3) acidic

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4
Q

Openings (mouth and anus) have sphincters and associated __________ (sticky secretions inhibit entrance of foreign matter).

A

mucous membranes

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5
Q

___________ is a chemical in stage A of Superficial Inflammatory Response, that diffuses and is released from macrophages and cyanides certain things going back to capillary like a histamine.

A

Cytokine

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6
Q

Defensive proteins from the bloodstream help to contain _________

A

microbes

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7
Q

Histamines cause__________. When released, releases lots of fluid, causing RBC’s to follow ______ to their job.

A

1) irritation

2) WBC’s

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8
Q

Leukocytes help to ________ contained microbes

A

destroy

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9
Q

_________ are lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow, then are carried to lymphoid tissue via blood stream and lymphatic circulation

A

B-Lymphocytes

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10
Q

____________ is the removal of cellular debris and general invading microorganisms. (NONSPECIFIC)

A

PHAGOCYTES

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11
Q

what are the two types of PHAGOCYTES

A

1) Microphages

2) Macrophages

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12
Q

Microphages divides into _________ and __________

A

neutrophils and eosinophils

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13
Q

__________ target bacteria and debris

A

Neutrophils

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14
Q

_________ target both foreign substances and things covered with antiodies.

A

Eosinophils

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15
Q

Macrophages is larger, either fixed in a tissue, or _____________. Can come from remote locations to _____________.

A

1) highly mobile

2) attack invaders

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16
Q

____________ will attack pretty much any cell that looks abnormal; i.e. not presenting the surface cell proteins and other molecules associated with “self”.
(NONSPECIFIC)

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS (“NK CELLS”)

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17
Q

NK CELLS will generally adhere to abnormal cells and causes ______ (tear them open) with an enzyme called __________

A

1) lysis

2) perforin

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18
Q

_____________ Known to have a role in attacking tumor cells (cancers).

A

Perforin

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19
Q

__________ are small proteins released by lymphocytes and macrophages, or tissues invaded by viruses. (NONSPECIFIC)

A

INTERFERONS

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20
Q

INTERFERONS Bind to surfaces of normal cells, and stimulates them to produce _____________ in their own cytoplasm.

A

anti-viral proteins

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21
Q

antiviral proteins do not prevent entrance of viruses into a cell, but it prevents their __________. This slows virus action until other cells can arrive to help _______ of them.

A

1) reproduction

2) dispose

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22
Q

COMPLEMENT (NONSPECIFIC)

Special proteins, about ___ different kinds.

They are called complement because they _________
___________
Together with _________, they will begin a series of reactions with other complement proteins to build an enzyme that will attach to an invader’s cell wall and ___ it. ( tear them up)

A

1) 30
2) do not act alone.
3) antibodies
4) lyse

23
Q

__________ Creates an environment in which invaders such as viruses and bacteria do not reproduce well.

The problem is that very high ________ can interfere with other body functions.

A

1) Fever

2) fevers

24
Q

LYMPHOCYTE-BASED DEFENSE
includes Cell-Mediated Immunity, based on the function of T-lymphocytes which defend against __________ & ________ in cells.

A

1) abnormal cells

2) pathgens

25
Q

The body must be able to recognize the difference between “______” and “______” so that it may engage in self defense

A

1) self

2) nonself

26
Q

ANTIGENS
A foreign substance or ________.
Any substance against which an _______ is produced.

More specifically, antigens are generally recognized as proteins or ___________ on the cell surface of an invading organism.

A

1) organism
2) antibody
3) polysaccarides

27
Q

ANTIBODIES are Proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to an ________, They _____ to specific sites on antigen surfaces.

A

1) antigen

2) bind

28
Q

Antibodies don’t kill organisms
they can ________ an invader, and
initiate the process of activating __________ and other natural killers.

A

1) inactivate

2) phagocytic cells

29
Q

_________ Can combine with bacterial toxins or viruses to prevent attachment to target cells (“inactivation”).

A

antibodies

30
Q

we have coding to deal w/ antigens that your body ________________

A

has never known

31
Q

Antibodies are made by both ____________and ______________ ( both have cell in bone marrow)

A

1) T-lymphocytes: Specific antibodies ( T-Cells that have residence in the thymus gland)
2) B-lymphocytes: Specific antibodies and Natural antibodies.

32
Q

ANTIBODY STRUCTURE belong to group of plasma proteins called “_________.”

A

globulins

33
Q

ANTIBODY STRUCTURE
Made up of four __________ (amino acid chains).
Two longer and larger, two shorter and smaller.
Have the shape of a letter “Y”.
Intersection of arms and base of “Y shape” is flexible, allowing ___________ of antibody when it attaches to an antigen.

A

1) polypeptides

2) deformation

34
Q 
SPECIFIC COMPONENTS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM:  LYMPHOCYTES
*B-Lymphocytes (“B cells”)
*T- Lymphocytes (“T cells”)
 -
 -
 -
 -
A

1) Natural Killer Cells (NK cells)
2) Helper Cells
3) Memory Cells
4) Suppressor Cells

35
Q

____________ Mature in bone marrow, then carried to lymphoid tissue via blood stream and lymphatic circulation.
(This process of maturation and migration takes place throughout life.)

A

B-LYMPHOCYTES

36
Q

Other lymphocytes can be generated via _________ of B lymphocytes resident in lymphoid tissues.

A

mitosis

37
Q

T-LYMPHOCYTES
Immature lymphocytes leave bone marrow during fetal and early neonatal life.
Go to ___________
Mature there before they go on to other ____________

A

1) thymus gland

2) lymphoid tissues.

38
Q

__________ that is derived from one of these original T-lymphocytes via mitosis is also a T-lymphocyte.

A

lymphocyte

39
Q

____________ cells Directly attack antigens or abnormal cells

A

Cytotoxic T

40
Q

___________ Respond to antigens that have been encountered before.

A

Memory T cells

41
Q

Helper T cells Stimulate activity of both_________.

A

T can B cells

42
Q

helper T cell stimulate the B cells to _______________

A

secrete antibodies

43
Q

_____________ let other cells know that it is time to stop hunting. Regulate the immune response

A

Supressor T cells

44
Q

T cell are for Recognition _________________

A

maintain, facilitate and control the immune response

45
Q

B cells being more mobile Allows them to flow in and out of the ___________ as well as the cardiovascular system which speeds up the interaction between B cells and _______ more quickly

A

1) lymphatic system

2) antigens

46
Q

B cell process

  1. Sensitization
  2. _______ pulled into the B cell
  3. Helper T cell gives the green light secreting ________
  4. B cells activate and ________
  5. Helper T cells gives the red light to stop making cytokines and copies
A

1) Antigen
2) cytokines
3) replicate

47
Q

Plasma cells Make huge quantities of_________. This is when the effects of an antigen start to become knocked down

A

Antibodies

48
Q

B Memory cells Long term ________. Recognize when infected with the same antigen for quicker response

A

immunity

49
Q

Can pass through the placenta. Pass some antibodies to the baby

A

IgG

50
Q

Small class of immunoglobins that can pass many epithelia. Pass IgG antibodies to other mammals through their milk

A

IgA

51
Q

B cells- plasma cells created for more antibody carrying cells then released to circulatory systems

A

Primary immune response

52
Q

Some activated B cells become plasma cells and some become B memory cells.

A

Secondary immune response

53
Q

Natural antibodies Attach to _________ with the help Lectins, they can hold invaders at bay. Clean up cellular junk and debris.

A

invaders

54
Q

Kills helper T cells which does not activate B cells therefore you get no response for ANY infection. Autoimmune

A

HIV and AIDS

Anatomy 2nd midterm (6 decks)

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