Anatomy Flashcards
Which bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?
flat bones of skull
clavicle
What are the 2 types of ossification?
endochondral
intramembranous
Name the fontanelles
anterior
sphenoid
posterior
mastoid
What bones are formed from the paraxial mesoderm?
spine
ribs
parts of skull
What bones are formed from the lateral plate mesoderm?
clavicle
sternum
arms + hands
legs
pelvis
2 parts of cranium
neurocranium = protects brain
viscerocranium = facial skeleton
How many parts of human skull at birth
45
What causes cleft palate?
lack of fusion of pharyngeal arches
What is a fontanelle?
where more than 2 bones meet
What separates the flat bones of the skull?
sutures (connective tissue)
Is pulsation of anterior fontanelle normal?
at rest, no –> indicates raised ICP
can pulsate if baby hysterically crying but should return to normal when they are calm
When does a foetal heart begin to beat?
22 days
Babinski reflex in babies
extend + splay out toes
after 12-18 months should flex toes
What is formed from intermediate mesoderm?
urogenital system
What is formed from lateral plate mesoderm?
limbs and girdles
What is formed from paraxial mesoderm?
somites –> axial skeleton
What effect does thalidomide have on foetus?
stops vasculature from developing in limbs (mainly upper)
can’t grow without vasculature
therefore upper limbs don’t develop
Why embryologically do CF patients often have gut problems as well as lung?
lungs are gut tube derivative
Components of trilaminar disc
endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm
3 main routes of cancer spread
lymphatic
haematogenous
direct invasion
What is a somatomere?
somite in head region
What is a pluripotent stem cell?
cells that can develop into any cell or tissue in the body
