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300 YTT > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the connective tissue on the end of bones?

A

cartilage

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2
Q

What connects muscle to bone?

A

tendons

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3
Q

What is the issue with an overstretched ligament in relation to joints?

A

It can’t hold bones to bones very well, creating unstable joints.

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4
Q

Can torn ligaments be healed by the body?

A

No; surgery is needed to reattach the ligament.

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5
Q

Do ligaments have elasticity?

A

no; very little

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6
Q

Do tendons or ligaments turn into muscle tissue?

A

tendons

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7
Q

Can tendons stretch?

A

yes

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8
Q

Do muscle cells contract?

A

Yes; muscles have contractile cells that contract with motor nerve stimulation.

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9
Q

Do fasica cells contract?

A

No; fascia does not have contractile cells.

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10
Q

What time does muscle stretching hit its maximum?

A

In two minutes of sustained stretching.

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11
Q

What percentage of max stretch is hit after 1 minute of muscle stretching?

A

92%

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12
Q

Is it possible to engage the fascia in isolation?

A

no

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13
Q

What is Wolff’s Law?

A

Bones recognize use and adapt to support that use. Bone grows and remodels based on the stress/demands placed on them.

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14
Q

What are synarthrodial joints?

A

bones that are fused together; ie. in the skull

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15
Q

What are amphiathrodial joints?

A

bones held together by dense ligaments; ie. SI joint in the pelvis

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16
Q

What are diathrodial joints also called?

A

synovial joints

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17
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

freely moveable joints with capsule that contains synovial fluid

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18
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A

lubricates the joint and keeps the cartilage healthy for easier & smoother movements

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19
Q

Where does limited ROM come from in synovial joints?

A

tight muscles or ligaments

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20
Q

What type of synovial joint are the hips?

A

ball and socket joint

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21
Q

What type of synovial joint are the elbows?

A

hinge joint

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22
Q

What type of synovial joint are the wrists and ankles?

A

plane joint

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23
Q

Which joint wobbles from side to side?

A

hinge joint

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24
Q

What is ROM?

A

range of motion; refers to how far a joint can move

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25
Q

What is it called to move past ROM?

A

hyperextension

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26
Q

What condition causes risk or danger in hyperextension?

A

when the joint bears weight/force, causing excessive pressure on tendons

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27
Q

Which type of joint is highly mobile?

A

ball and socket joint

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28
Q

What elements are included in downward rotation of the shoulders?

A

depression & retraction

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29
Q

What elements are included in upward rotation of the shoulders?

A

elevation & protraction

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30
Q

What tissues allows us to move?

A

muscle

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31
Q

Muscles pulls on (blank), and then tendon pulls on (blank)

A

tendon, bone

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32
Q

Wherever tendons are attached, that is the point of the…

A

movement

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33
Q

What are spinous processes?

A

the body parts of the spine that can be felt externally/manually

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34
Q

What is the body’s primary source of weight support?

A

the vertebral body

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35
Q

What comprises the strength of the spine?

A

vertebrae and a dense array of ligament & muscles

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36
Q

What brings us into a natural curve of the spine?

A

pelvic neutrality

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37
Q

C1 is known as the…

A

atlas

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38
Q

C2 allows…

A

the head to rotate/look sideways

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39
Q

C2 is known as the…

A

axis

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40
Q

How are the spinous processes problematic in the cervical spine?

A

They are horizontal, which could allow hyperextension when dropping the head back.

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41
Q

Where is the thoracic cage?

A

between the neck and abdomen

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42
Q

Where does the weight of the vertebral column rest?

A

on the sacrum

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43
Q

What makes up the SI joint?

A

the sacrum and the illium

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44
Q

What helps keep spinal discs in place?

A

Muscles and ligaments towards the front of the body.

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45
Q

Deep muscles in the trunk help control…

A

posture

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46
Q

Superficial muscles in the trunk connect…

A

limbs to the trunk and control limb movement

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47
Q

The trunk is connected to our lower limbs through…

A

the pelvic girdle

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48
Q

What does the pelvic girdle consist of?

A

the hip bones & sacrum

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49
Q

What bones are in the lower leg?

A

tibia and fibula

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50
Q

What bones in the lower leg bears weight?

A

tibia

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51
Q

What bone is in the hip socket?

A

the head of the femur

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52
Q

Body weight is transferred downward from…

A

SI joint to
hip to
femur to
lower leg to
foot.

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53
Q

What is the ASIS?

A

the part of the hip bones that can be manually felt in the front of the body

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54
Q

What does ASIS stand for?

A

anterior superior illiac spine

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55
Q

What is sciatica?

A

a dull, numb aching sensation down the glutes to the sides of the thighs and into the toes

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56
Q

What is the acetabulum?

A

the hip joint/socket

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57
Q

What is the structure inside the hip joint?

A

smooth cartilage

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58
Q

Why does the angle of the acetabulum matter?

A

It varies between people, which affects hip mobility that cannot be improved since the skeleton itself is preventing movement.

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59
Q

What part of the skeleton can affect hip mobility?

A

the angle of the femoral neck

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60
Q

What is the anatomical term for sitting bones?

A

ischial tuberosity

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61
Q

What is the role of the fibula?

A

Help support balance when walking; help stabilize movement.

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62
Q

What part of the foot has the entire weight of the upper body resting on it?

A

talus

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63
Q

What is the talus?

A

the bone in the ankle where the tibia and fibula meet the foot

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64
Q

The knee can rotate when it is…

A

flexed.

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65
Q

The more we flex the knee, the more what occurs?

A

rotation

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66
Q

What is the first place of failure in the knee?

A

meniscus

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67
Q

What is the meniscus made of?

A

cartilage

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68
Q

Where is the meniscus in the knee?

A

interwoven with ligaments that help stabilize the knee

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69
Q

Which ligaments helps stabilize the sides of the knee?

A

the MCL and LCL

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70
Q

What does MCL stand for?

A

medical collateral ligament

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71
Q

What does LCL stand for?

A

lateral collateral ligament

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72
Q

What are the main arches in the foot?

A

lateral
medial (highest)
anterior transverse

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73
Q

What function do the feet provide?

A

stability and springs

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74
Q

What is the primary hip flexor?

A

illio psoas

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75
Q

How many quadriceps muscles are there?

A

4

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76
Q

What hip flexor muscles can greatly affect backbends when tight?

A

rectus femoris (quad muscle) & illio psoas

77
Q

What type of muscles are responsible for pulling legs towards each other?

A

adductor muscles

78
Q

Name the glute muscles.

A

gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus

79
Q

Which glute muscle is a powerful hip extendor?

A

gluteus maximus

80
Q

What is activated if the glutes are squeezed together?

A

external rotator muscles, which cause the knee to splay out

81
Q

What is problematic about knees splaying out in backbends?

A

The illium presses towards the sacrum, and the pressure on the SI joint can cause pain.

82
Q

What tissue is the IT band made of?

A

strong, dense fiber / fascia

83
Q

How does the IT band support knee structure?

A

by crossing the knee on the outside

84
Q

The tighter the glute muscles, the more this is pulled on.

A

IT band

85
Q

What does the “IT” in IT band stand for?

A

illium (hip) & tibia (by the knee)

86
Q

A tight IT band can cause abduction in which poses, and why?

A

Warrior pose, bridge, and bow - due to tension at the knee joint.

87
Q

The piriformis is what type of rotator?

A

external

88
Q

What is the strongest and most significant external hip rotator muscle?

A

piriformis

89
Q

Where does the piriformis attach?

A

femur

90
Q

Hamstrings are bi-articular because…

A

they cross at the hip and knee joints

91
Q

What muscles are the most significant hip & thigh extensors?

A

hamstrings

92
Q

Hamstrings (blank) the hip and (blank) the knee.

A

extend the hip & flex the knee

93
Q

What muscle is stretched during dorsiflexion?

A

achilles

94
Q

What helps prevent achilles injury?

A

Keeping the calf muscles supple and flexible.

95
Q

Where are the muscles that allow us to lift onto toes and elevate the heels?

A

the lower leg

96
Q

What movement activates pada bandha?

A

Lifting the toes to root the balls of the feet and awaken the arches.

97
Q

What is the most mobile joint in the body?

A

shoulder joint

98
Q

What is the side effect of mobility?

A

lack of stability

99
Q

Through which joint are the bones connected from the shoulder girdle to the axial skeleton?

A

sternoclavicular joint

100
Q

Where is the humerus?

A

the upper arm

101
Q

What bones are in the forearm?

A

ulna and radius

102
Q

What bones are suspended from the clavicle?

A

scapula and arm

103
Q

What is the primary function of the shoulder girdle?

A

Transmit force to the axial skeleton.

104
Q

What upper extremity muscles plays a role in inhalation?

A

pectoralis minor

105
Q

What is the broad, expansive muscles across the back?

A

latisimus dorsi

106
Q

What main two muscles are on the upper extremity of the back body?

A

rhomboids and serratus anterior

107
Q

The shoulder blades pull towards each other when this muscle is tight.

A

rhomboids

108
Q

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

A

ball and socket joint

109
Q

What are the joints in the shoulder girdle?

A
  1. glenohumeral joint
  2. sternoclavicular joint
  3. acromioclavicular joint
110
Q

What bones make up the glenohumeral joint?

A

humerus and scapula

111
Q

What bones make up the sternoclavicular joint?

A

clavicle and sternum

112
Q

What bones make up the acromioclavicular joint?

A

clavicle and acromion

113
Q

Where is the acromion?

A

the top of the shoulder

114
Q

How many muscles are in the rotator cuff?

A

4

115
Q

What is the main purpose of the rotator cuff?

A

It helps to keep the shoulder in the socket.

116
Q

How is the glenohumeral joint stabilized?

A

Through the muscles of the rotator cuff.

117
Q

How do the muscles in the rotator cuff vary?

A

Their insertion points are all different, which means they all pull in slightly different directions for stability of the shoulder socket.

118
Q

What is impingement syndrome?

A

When a bursa sac swells up, which is a fluid filled sac that reduces friction. It is then very painful to raise the arms.

119
Q

What muscles could mainly affect the movement of the shoulder blades?

A
  1. rhomboids
  2. lower trapezius muscles
  3. latissimus dorsi
120
Q

What is the glenoid fossa?

A

the head of the scapula

121
Q

In what pose can we stretch the rhomboid muscles?

A

eagle arms

122
Q

What joint is commonly referred to as the shoulder joint?

A

glenohumeral joint

123
Q

Which type of muscle prevents the palm from turning down?

A

supinator muscles

124
Q

What glute muscle causes the hip to externally rotate?

A

gluteus maximus

125
Q

What are tensions within muscles due to?

A

adhesions

126
Q

What two muscles are not strengthened in a typical yoga practice?

A

hamstrings & biceps

127
Q

How do we strengthen the hamstrings outside of yoga?

A

riding a bike

128
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system trigger?

A

rest and digest

129
Q

Which section of the spine has the most mobility?

A

lumbar

130
Q

Which section of the spine has the most range of motion?

A

thoracic

131
Q

The rotational capacity of the knee is locked when…

A

the leg is straight.

132
Q

When the knee is flexed and the toes are rocked side to side, the knee does or does not rotate?

A

does not

133
Q

How can you visually determine if a leg is hyperextended?

A

Imagine a line from the hip to ankle. If the knee is behind that line, it is hyperextended.

134
Q

How do we detoxify the body?

A

Breathing (removes carbon dioxide), through the lymph system, and waste elimination on the toilet.

135
Q

Fascia can be (blank) through pressure.

A

compressed

136
Q

How can fascia limit mobility?

A

by having adhesions

137
Q

What are the agonist muscles when moving from standing to a forward fold?

A

hamstrings

138
Q

What is the outermost layer of muscles in the core?

A

rectus abdominus

139
Q

When the rectus abdominus contracts, what pulls towards each other?

A

ribs and pubis

140
Q

When the rectus abdominus contracts, what is flexed?

A

the lumbar spine

141
Q

Name the main core muscles.

A
  1. rectus abdominus
  2. transerve abdominus
  3. obliques
  4. iliopsoas
142
Q

Which core muscles flex the spine?

A

the obliques

143
Q

Which core muscles wrap around the back?

A

transverse abdominus

144
Q

Which two asanas target the iliopsoas?

A

anjaneyasana and crescent lunge

145
Q

What is the primary function of the iliopsoas?

A

flex the hip; draw the knee in

146
Q

What is the primary benefit of a strong, supple core?

A

a healthy lower back

147
Q

What does RSI stand for?

A

repetitive stress injury

148
Q

What muscle is often chronically tight due to a sedentary lifestyle?

A

piriformis muscle

149
Q

What directional action occurs when the piriformis muscles is engaged?

A

external rotation

150
Q

Which core muscles are stabilizers?

A

abdominus muscles

151
Q

This segment of the spine has the greatest range of motion in each individual vertebrae.

A

lumbar spine

152
Q

This segment of the spine has the greatest range of motion as a whole.

A

thoracic spine

153
Q

What muscles is both a hip extensor and an external rotator?

A

gluteus maximus

154
Q

Knees tend to splay apart due to…

A
  1. tight gluteus maximus
  2. tight IT band
155
Q

When rhomboid muscles are tight, it limits what type of movement in the shoulder blades?

A

upward rotation

156
Q

What things can prevent plantar flexion?

A

tight ligaments and bone structure

157
Q

What connects vertebrae to each other?

A

ligaments and muscles

158
Q

What are the outer layers of trunk muscles?

A
  1. rectus abdominus
  2. pectoralis
  3. lattisimus dorsi
  4. trapezius
159
Q

What is the importance of engaging spinal erector muscles?

A

the downward pressure on vertebral discs is lessened

160
Q

Which types of muscles allow spine elongation?

A

spinal erector muscles

161
Q

Describe the structure of the lumbar spine.

A
  1. significant space between vertebrae
  2. significant size discs
  3. pressure in discs create degeneration over time
162
Q

Which portion of the spine is highly vulnerable to light strain?

A

cervical spine

163
Q

Which portion of the spine is the most stable and why?

A

thoracic spine, due to rib attachments

164
Q

Which tissue is stretchy like a rubber band?

A

muscle tissue

165
Q

What happens to the relationship of ligament attachment points in twists along the spine?

A

the length from one attachment point on the vertebrae to another attachment point doesn’t change

166
Q

Which core muscle provides overall stability to the core?

A

transverse abdominus

167
Q

What does relaxin hormone affect in a pregnant student’s practice?

A

it causes the relaxation of ligaments, which results in joint instability/laxity

168
Q

Why does a pregnancy create low back pain?

A

because the pelvis is forced into an anterior tilt due to the expanding uterus, which adds greater pressure to the SI joint and low back

169
Q

Which muscle can be strengthened to help stabilize the SI joint?

A

the gluteus maximus

170
Q

Where are the adductor muscles in the legs?

A

sitting bone to inner thighs

171
Q

Where are the abductor muscles in the legs?

A

lateral hip compartment

172
Q

Hypermobility is related to the physical body by…

A

affecting bone and ligament structure.

173
Q

Flexibility is related to the physical body by…

A

originating in neuromuscular conditions.

174
Q

Ligaments don’t have what type of quality, and why is it important?

A

ligament don’t have an innervative quality that allows students to feel strain in the knee; nerve tissue around the joint only give sensation when ligament pops

175
Q

Which bone in the shoulder girdle prevents arms from moving overhead in internal rotation?

A

acromion

176
Q

What primary movement is the piriformis responsible for?

A

rotating the femur

177
Q

Where does the piriformis muscle originate?

A

anterior lateral aspect of the sacrum

178
Q

How do strained tendons heal?

A

with rest

179
Q

What is the tendon of the calf muscle?

A

the achilles

180
Q

Which bodily system is the vagus nerve connected to?

A

the parasympathetic nervous system

181
Q

Why do we want to co-contract muscles on either side of the joint?

A

to stabilize it

182
Q

Hip extension is limited by what muscle group?

A

tight hip flexors

183
Q

Hip flexion is limited by what muscle group?

A

tight extensors

184
Q

What connects bone to bone?

A

ligaments

185
Q

How do we reduce the pull of the tendon that’s across the knee joint?

A

by stretching the quadriceps

186
Q

The quadriceps create what movement in the knee?

A

extension

187
Q

The hamstrings create what movement in the knee?

A

flexion

188
Q

How is the lymphatic system stimulated?

A

through muscular contraction and release

300 YTT (8 decks)

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