Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What is the connective tissue on the end of bones?
A
cartilage
2
Q
What connects muscle to bone?
A
tendons
3
Q
What is the issue with an overstretched ligament in relation to joints?
A
It can’t hold bones to bones very well, creating unstable joints.
4
Q
Can torn ligaments be healed by the body?
A
No; surgery is needed to reattach the ligament.
5
Q
Do ligaments have elasticity?
A
no; very little
6
Q
Do tendons or ligaments turn into muscle tissue?
A
tendons
7
Q
Can tendons stretch?
A
yes
8
Q
Do muscle cells contract?
A
Yes; muscles have contractile cells that contract with motor nerve stimulation.
9
Q
Do fasica cells contract?
A
No; fascia does not have contractile cells.
10
Q
What time does muscle stretching hit its maximum?
A
In two minutes of sustained stretching.
11
Q
What percentage of max stretch is hit after 1 minute of muscle stretching?
A
92%
12
Q
Is it possible to engage the fascia in isolation?
A
no
13
Q
What is Wolff’s Law?
A
Bones recognize use and adapt to support that use. Bone grows and remodels based on the stress/demands placed on them.
14
Q
What are synarthrodial joints?
A
bones that are fused together; ie. in the skull
15
Q
What are amphiathrodial joints?
A
bones held together by dense ligaments; ie. SI joint in the pelvis
16
Q
What are diathrodial joints also called?
A
synovial joints
17
Q
What are synovial joints?
A
freely moveable joints with capsule that contains synovial fluid
18
Q
What does synovial fluid do?
A
lubricates the joint and keeps the cartilage healthy for easier & smoother movements
19
Q
Where does limited ROM come from in synovial joints?
A
tight muscles or ligaments
20
Q
What type of synovial joint are the hips?
A
ball and socket joint
21
Q
What type of synovial joint are the elbows?
A
hinge joint
22
Q
What type of synovial joint are the wrists and ankles?
A
plane joint
23
Q
Which joint wobbles from side to side?
A
hinge joint
24
Q
What is ROM?
A
range of motion; refers to how far a joint can move
25
What is it called to move past ROM?
hyperextension
26
What condition causes risk or danger in hyperextension?
when the joint bears weight/force, causing excessive pressure on tendons
27
Which type of joint is highly mobile?
ball and socket joint
28
What elements are included in downward rotation of the shoulders?
depression & retraction
29
What elements are included in upward rotation of the shoulders?
elevation & protraction
30
What tissues allows us to move?
muscle
31
Muscles pulls on (blank), and then tendon pulls on (blank)
tendon, bone
32
Wherever tendons are attached, that is the point of the...
movement
33
What are spinous processes?
the body parts of the spine that can be felt externally/manually
34
What is the body's primary source of weight support?
the vertebral body
35
What comprises the strength of the spine?
vertebrae and a dense array of ligament & muscles
36
What brings us into a natural curve of the spine?
pelvic neutrality
37
C1 is known as the...
atlas
38
C2 allows...
the head to rotate/look sideways
39
C2 is known as the...
axis
40
How are the spinous processes problematic in the cervical spine?
They are horizontal, which could allow hyperextension when dropping the head back.
41
Where is the thoracic cage?
between the neck and abdomen
42
Where does the weight of the vertebral column rest?
on the sacrum
43
What makes up the SI joint?
the sacrum and the illium
44
What helps keep spinal discs in place?
Muscles and ligaments towards the front of the body.
45
Deep muscles in the trunk help control...
posture
46
Superficial muscles in the trunk connect...
limbs to the trunk and control limb movement
47
The trunk is connected to our lower limbs through...
the pelvic girdle
48
What does the pelvic girdle consist of?
the hip bones & sacrum
49
What bones are in the lower leg?
tibia and fibula
50
What bones in the lower leg bears weight?
tibia
51
What bone is in the hip socket?
the head of the femur
52
Body weight is transferred downward from...
SI joint to
hip to
femur to
lower leg to
foot.
53
What is the ASIS?
the part of the hip bones that can be manually felt in the front of the body
54
What does ASIS stand for?
anterior superior illiac spine
55
What is sciatica?
a dull, numb aching sensation down the glutes to the sides of the thighs and into the toes
56
What is the acetabulum?
the hip joint/socket
57
What is the structure inside the hip joint?
smooth cartilage
58
Why does the angle of the acetabulum matter?
It varies between people, which affects hip mobility that cannot be improved since the skeleton itself is preventing movement.
59
What part of the skeleton can affect hip mobility?
the angle of the femoral neck
60
What is the anatomical term for sitting bones?
ischial tuberosity
61
What is the role of the fibula?
Help support balance when walking; help stabilize movement.
62
What part of the foot has the entire weight of the upper body resting on it?
talus
63
What is the talus?
the bone in the ankle where the tibia and fibula meet the foot
64
The knee can rotate when it is...
flexed.
65
The more we flex the knee, the more what occurs?
rotation
66
What is the first place of failure in the knee?
meniscus
67
What is the meniscus made of?
cartilage
68
Where is the meniscus in the knee?
interwoven with ligaments that help stabilize the knee
69
Which ligaments helps stabilize the sides of the knee?
the MCL and LCL
70
What does MCL stand for?
medical collateral ligament
71
What does LCL stand for?
lateral collateral ligament
72
What are the main arches in the foot?
lateral
medial (highest)
anterior transverse
73
What function do the feet provide?
stability and springs
74
What is the primary hip flexor?
illio psoas
75
How many quadriceps muscles are there?
4
76
What hip flexor muscles can greatly affect backbends when tight?
rectus femoris (quad muscle) & illio psoas
77
What type of muscles are responsible for pulling legs towards each other?
adductor muscles
78
Name the glute muscles.
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
79
Which glute muscle is a powerful hip extendor?
gluteus maximus
80
What is activated if the glutes are squeezed together?
external rotator muscles, which cause the knee to splay out
81
What is problematic about knees splaying out in backbends?
The illium presses towards the sacrum, and the pressure on the SI joint can cause pain.
82
What tissue is the IT band made of?
strong, dense fiber / fascia
83
How does the IT band support knee structure?
by crossing the knee on the outside
84
The tighter the glute muscles, the more this is pulled on.
IT band
85
What does the "IT" in IT band stand for?
illium (hip) & tibia (by the knee)
86
A tight IT band can cause abduction in which poses, and why?
Warrior pose, bridge, and bow - due to tension at the knee joint.
87
The piriformis is what type of rotator?
external
88
What is the strongest and most significant external hip rotator muscle?
piriformis
89
Where does the piriformis attach?
femur
90
Hamstrings are bi-articular because...
they cross at the hip and knee joints
91
What muscles are the most significant hip & thigh extensors?
hamstrings
92
Hamstrings (blank) the hip and (blank) the knee.
extend the hip & flex the knee
93
What muscle is stretched during dorsiflexion?
achilles
94
What helps prevent achilles injury?
Keeping the calf muscles supple and flexible.
95
Where are the muscles that allow us to lift onto toes and elevate the heels?
the lower leg
96
What movement activates pada bandha?
Lifting the toes to root the balls of the feet and awaken the arches.
97
What is the most mobile joint in the body?
shoulder joint
98
What is the side effect of mobility?
lack of stability
99
Through which joint are the bones connected from the shoulder girdle to the axial skeleton?
sternoclavicular joint
100
Where is the humerus?
the upper arm
101
What bones are in the forearm?
ulna and radius
102
What bones are suspended from the clavicle?
scapula and arm
103
What is the primary function of the shoulder girdle?
Transmit force to the axial skeleton.
104
What upper extremity muscles plays a role in inhalation?
pectoralis minor
105
What is the broad, expansive muscles across the back?
latisimus dorsi
106
What main two muscles are on the upper extremity of the back body?
rhomboids and serratus anterior
107
The shoulder blades pull towards each other when this muscle is tight.
rhomboids
108
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
ball and socket joint
109
What are the joints in the shoulder girdle?
1. glenohumeral joint
2. sternoclavicular joint
3. acromioclavicular joint
110
What bones make up the glenohumeral joint?
humerus and scapula
111
What bones make up the sternoclavicular joint?
clavicle and sternum
112
What bones make up the acromioclavicular joint?
clavicle and acromion
113
Where is the acromion?
the top of the shoulder
114
How many muscles are in the rotator cuff?
4
115
What is the main purpose of the rotator cuff?
It helps to keep the shoulder in the socket.
116
How is the glenohumeral joint stabilized?
Through the muscles of the rotator cuff.
117
How do the muscles in the rotator cuff vary?
Their insertion points are all different, which means they all pull in slightly different directions for stability of the shoulder socket.
118
What is impingement syndrome?
When a bursa sac swells up, which is a fluid filled sac that reduces friction. It is then very painful to raise the arms.
119
What muscles could mainly affect the movement of the shoulder blades?
1. rhomboids
2. lower trapezius muscles
3. latissimus dorsi
120
What is the glenoid fossa?
the head of the scapula
121
In what pose can we stretch the rhomboid muscles?
eagle arms
122
What joint is commonly referred to as the shoulder joint?
glenohumeral joint
123
Which type of muscle prevents the palm from turning down?
supinator muscles
124
What glute muscle causes the hip to externally rotate?
gluteus maximus
125
What are tensions within muscles due to?
adhesions
126
What two muscles are not strengthened in a typical yoga practice?
hamstrings & biceps
127
How do we strengthen the hamstrings outside of yoga?
riding a bike
128
What does the parasympathetic nervous system trigger?
rest and digest
129
Which section of the spine has the most mobility?
lumbar
130
Which section of the spine has the most range of motion?
thoracic
131
The rotational capacity of the knee is locked when...
the leg is straight.
132
When the knee is flexed and the toes are rocked side to side, the knee does or does not rotate?
does not
133
How can you visually determine if a leg is hyperextended?
Imagine a line from the hip to ankle. If the knee is behind that line, it is hyperextended.
134
How do we detoxify the body?
Breathing (removes carbon dioxide), through the lymph system, and waste elimination on the toilet.
135
Fascia can be (blank) through pressure.
compressed
136
How can fascia limit mobility?
by having adhesions
137
What are the agonist muscles when moving from standing to a forward fold?
hamstrings
138
What is the outermost layer of muscles in the core?
rectus abdominus
139
When the rectus abdominus contracts, what pulls towards each other?
ribs and pubis
140
When the rectus abdominus contracts, what is flexed?
the lumbar spine
141
Name the main core muscles.
1. rectus abdominus
2. transerve abdominus
3. obliques
4. iliopsoas
142
Which core muscles flex the spine?
the obliques
143
Which core muscles wrap around the back?
transverse abdominus
144
Which two asanas target the iliopsoas?
anjaneyasana and crescent lunge
145
What is the primary function of the iliopsoas?
flex the hip; draw the knee in
146
What is the primary benefit of a strong, supple core?
a healthy lower back
147
What does RSI stand for?
repetitive stress injury
148
What muscle is often chronically tight due to a sedentary lifestyle?
piriformis muscle
149
What directional action occurs when the piriformis muscles is engaged?
external rotation
150
Which core muscles are stabilizers?
abdominus muscles
151
This segment of the spine has the greatest range of motion in each individual vertebrae.
lumbar spine
152
This segment of the spine has the greatest range of motion as a whole.
thoracic spine
153
What muscles is both a hip extensor and an external rotator?
gluteus maximus
154
Knees tend to splay apart due to...
1. tight gluteus maximus
2. tight IT band
155
When rhomboid muscles are tight, it limits what type of movement in the shoulder blades?
upward rotation
156
What things can prevent plantar flexion?
tight ligaments and bone structure
157
What connects vertebrae to each other?
ligaments and muscles
158
What are the outer layers of trunk muscles?
1. rectus abdominus
2. pectoralis
3. lattisimus dorsi
4. trapezius
159
What is the importance of engaging spinal erector muscles?
the downward pressure on vertebral discs is lessened
160
Which types of muscles allow spine elongation?
spinal erector muscles
161
Describe the structure of the lumbar spine.
1. significant space between vertebrae
2. significant size discs
3. pressure in discs create degeneration over time
162
Which portion of the spine is highly vulnerable to light strain?
cervical spine
163
Which portion of the spine is the most stable and why?
thoracic spine, due to rib attachments
164
Which tissue is stretchy like a rubber band?
muscle tissue
165
What happens to the relationship of ligament attachment points in twists along the spine?
the length from one attachment point on the vertebrae to another attachment point doesn't change
166
Which core muscle provides overall stability to the core?
transverse abdominus
167
What does relaxin hormone affect in a pregnant student's practice?
it causes the relaxation of ligaments, which results in joint instability/laxity
168
Why does a pregnancy create low back pain?
because the pelvis is forced into an anterior tilt due to the expanding uterus, which adds greater pressure to the SI joint and low back
169
Which muscle can be strengthened to help stabilize the SI joint?
the gluteus maximus
170
Where are the adductor muscles in the legs?
sitting bone to inner thighs
171
Where are the abductor muscles in the legs?
lateral hip compartment
172
Hypermobility is related to the physical body by...
affecting bone and ligament structure.
173
Flexibility is related to the physical body by...
originating in neuromuscular conditions.
174
Ligaments don't have what type of quality, and why is it important?
ligament don't have an innervative quality that allows students to feel strain in the knee; nerve tissue around the joint only give sensation when ligament pops
175
Which bone in the shoulder girdle prevents arms from moving overhead in internal rotation?
acromion
176
What primary movement is the piriformis responsible for?
rotating the femur
177
Where does the piriformis muscle originate?
anterior lateral aspect of the sacrum
178
How do strained tendons heal?
with rest
179
What is the tendon of the calf muscle?
the achilles
180
Which bodily system is the vagus nerve connected to?
the parasympathetic nervous system
181
Why do we want to co-contract muscles on either side of the joint?
to stabilize it
182
Hip extension is limited by what muscle group?
tight hip flexors
183
Hip flexion is limited by what muscle group?
tight extensors
184
What connects bone to bone?
ligaments
185
How do we reduce the pull of the tendon that's across the knee joint?
by stretching the quadriceps
186
The quadriceps create what movement in the knee?
extension
187
The hamstrings create what movement in the knee?
flexion
188
How is the lymphatic system stimulated?
through muscular contraction and release
