Anatomy Flashcards
What are the boundaries of the inguinal canal
Anterior wall - external oblique aponeurosis
Floor - inguinal ligament, lacunar ligament
Roof - lower edge internal oblique and transversus muscles
Posterior wall - conjoint tendon (medial) transversalis fascia (lateral)
Position of branchial cleft cysts
1st - angle of mandible
2nd - upper mid- neck ant to SCM
3rd and 4th - lower neck anterior to SCM
Thyroglossal duct cysts in midline
What structures form from the 3rd pharyngeal pouch?
Interior parathyroid
Thymus
What structure forms from the 4th pharyngeal pouch?
Superior parathyroid
What structures are formed from the ultimobranchial body?
(This is the remnant of the 5th pharyngeal pouch)
Parafollicular c cells of the thyroid
Sympathetic nervous system - spinal levels of supply
Differences in surgical vagotomies
Truncal vagotomy- cutting the trunks at level of the abdominal aorta
Selective vagotomy - cutting nerves after the give off the hepatic branches (ant/left) or the branches to the coeliac plexus (post/right)
Highly selective vagotomy - cutting the branches only to fundus and body, leaving the branches to the Antrum and pylorus intact
Branches, primary target muscle and clinical assessment of facial nerve branches
Temporal; frontalis; raise eyebrows
Zygomatic; orbicularis oculi; close eyes
Buccal; puff checks out
Mandibular; depressor anguli oris; show bottom teeth
Cervical; platysma; clench neck
What is supplied by the superior laryngeal nerve?
External branch - motor to cricothyroid
Internal branch - sensory above the vocal cords
Cricothyroid tightens the vocal cords. Damage leads to inability to high high notes/project voice
Suprahyoid muscles
Stylohyoid
Digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Branches of the external carotid artery
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal
(Some anatomists like to freak out poor medical students)
Superficial venous system of the lower limb (ant view)
Superficial venous system of the lower limb (posterior view)
Tributaries of the great saphenous vein, around junction
Superficial circumflex iliac vein
Superficial epigastric vein
Superficial external pudendal vein
Deep external pudendal vein
Describe the course of the great saphenous vein
Origin: medial marginal vein of the foot
Anterior to medial malleolus
Medial border of tibia toward knee
Handbreath behind medial border of patella
Passes medially up thigh
Terminates: passes through cruciform fascia and joins femoral vein at the saphenous opening (around 3cm below and lateral to pubic tubercle)
Origin and branches of the sciatic nerve
Origin: sacral plexus, L4-S3
Passes through greater sciatic foramen into the posterior thigh
Branches:
Tibial nerve (gives off sural nerve, medial cut sural nerve, interossosus nerve of leg)
Common peroneal nerve (gives off superficial and deep peroneal nerves and lateral sural cut nerve)
Branches to supply hamstrings
Femoral triangle:
Borders and contents
Borders
Inguinal ligament
Medial border of sartorius
Medial border adductor longus
Floor: pectineus, adductor longus, iliopsoas
Roof: fascia lata
Contents:
Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Lymph nodes
Latissimus dorsi
Action: extension and adduction of arm; stabiliser of shoulder girdle
Innervation: thorodorsal (c6/7/8)
Arterial: thorodorsal artery, branch of subclavian
Origin: from T7 to lumbosacral spines and posterior iliac crest
Attachments: lower scapula and lower 4 ribs
Insertion: intertubercular groove
Branches of the axillary artery
1st part:
Superior thoracic artery
2nd part:
Lateral thoracic
Thoracoacromial
3rd part:
Subscapular (becomes Thorocodorsal)
Circumflex humeral
Circumflex scapular
Borders of the quadrangle space
Tunnel from axilla to the arm
Teres major
Long head of biceps
Subscapularis
Humerus
Branches of the vagus (in the neck)
Pharyngeal branch
Superior laryngeal nerve - external and internal branches
Branches to carotid bodies
Branches to cervical plexus
Structures at level of manubroosternal joint/T4
Under aortic arch
Pulmonary arteries
Cross over of azygous vein
Carina
posterior triangle of the neck
Borders:
Anterior border trapizeus
SCM
Clavicle
Floor - pretracheal fascia
Roof - deep cervical fascia
Contents:
Lymph nodes
Nerves: accessory nerve; cutaneous branches to neck
Vessels: transverse cervical and suprascapular vessels, external jugular, subclavian artery
Branches of the subclavian artery
VIT C D
1st part:
Vertebral
Internal mammary/thoracic
Thyrocervical trunk (inf thyroid, transverse cervical and suprascapular)
2nd part:
Costocervical trunk
3rd part:
Dorsal scapular
The artery is divided by the scalene anterior
Branches of the internal iliac artery
Posterior division
Iliolumbar
Lateral sacral
Superior gluteal
Anterior division
Bladder: superior vesical, obliterated umbilical and inferior vesical
Visceral: middle rectal, uterine and vaginal
Parietal: obturator, internal pudendal and inferior gluteal
Triangle of doom and triangle of pain: borders and contents
Doom: vas, gonadal vessels and peritoneal reflection
contains iliacs and genital branch of genitofemoral
Pain: ileopubic tract, gonadal vessels and reflected peritonum
Contains: ant and lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh, femoral branch of the genitofemoral, femoral nerve and the deep circumflex iliac vessels
Relations of the parotid gland
Mastoid process posteriorly and ramus of the mandible
Muscles: diagastric, SCM, masseter and medial pterygoid
Facial nerve (between deep and superficial parotid)
Retromandibular vein (deep to nerve)
Course of the phrenic nerve
Branch from the cervical plexus
Anterior to anterior scalene
Passes pleura, posterior to subclavian vein, anterior to artery
Passes anterior to vagus
Anterior to lung roots
Through chest the right phrenic follows the venous structures (right BC, SVC, right atrium)
The left follows arterial structures (to left venticle and apex of heart)
Provides motor to diaphragm and sensory to medial aspects
Thoracic duct
Drains all lymph from lower body and left chest/arm
Originates cisterna chyli
Passes diaphragm T12 with aorta and azgous
Passes from right to left of oesophagus at T5
Lies anterior to aortic intercostals and hemi-azygos
Posterior to aortic arch and left subclavian
Loops anteriorally over lung apex to enter at confluence of subclavian and internal jugular veins
Contents of the carpal tunnel
Median nerve
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor carpi radialis
