Anatomy Flashcards
What is the RCA and where does it lie?
Right coronary artery
→ Originates from ascending aorta (more anteriorly)
What does the RCA innervate?
Posterior heart wall together with ramus circumflex/circumflex artery of LCA
What is the LCA and where does it lie?
Left coronary artery
→ Originates from ascending aorta (more posteriorly)
Why can necrosis easily occur once a coronary artery is blocked?
There is no collateral circulation and arteries end in the muscle
What is a different term for pericardium?
Heart pocket
What are functions of the pericardium?
- Protects against blows to the heart
- Avoids friction when heart moves/pumps
- Prevents overstretching of muscle fibres
What are the layers of the pericardium from superficial to deep?
→ Fibrous pericardium
→ Parietal layer
→ Pericardial cavity
What happens in case of a pericarditis?
→ Inflammation and swelling will minimise room for myocardium to pump and function
What are the layers of the myocardium from superficial to deep?
Epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)
Myocardium
Endocardium
Which organ is innervated by the hepatic artery and vein?
The liver
Which organ is innervated by the renal artery and vein?
The kidneys
Which vein connects the stomach and intestines with the liver?
The hepatic portal vein
- Small lumen
- Situated deeper in tissue
- Only valves at base of aorta and pulmonary arteries
- High pressure
- Pulse palpable
- Thick elastic wall
→ Outer layer CT
→ Middle layer smooth muscle
→ Inner layer thin endothelium
Which blood vessel is this?
Artery
- Small lumen
- At tissue level
- No valves
- High pressure
- No pulse
- Thin wall
→ Outside basement membrane
→ Inside endothelial cells
Which blood vessel is this?
Capillary
- Big Lumen (20µm-9mm)
- Near surface of skin
- Valves
- Low pressure
- No pulse
- Thin wall
→ Outer layer CT
→ Minimal middle layer of smooth muscle
→ Inner layer thin endothelium
Which blood vessel is this?
Vein
- Least permeable
- Only exchange through diffusion → gas exchange
Which type of capillary is described here?
Continuous capillary
- Small openings
- Covered by permeable membrane
- Exchange through small channels → glucose, amino acids
Which type of capillary is described here?
Perforated/fenestrated capillary
- Gaps in basement membrane
- Exchange of bigger molecules → fats, hormones, vitamins
Which type of capillary is described here?
Discontinuous capillary
What are the 2 forms of water displacement in the human body?
hydrostatic and colloid-osmotic pressure
- Passive exchange of water between capillary circulation and interstitial space
- Exchange across a semipermeable membrane
What are characteristics of hydrostatic pressure in the body?
- High pressure in capillary, low pressure in tissue → Filtration from high to low pressure
- Determined by blood pressure
→ Diffusion
How does the colloid osmotic pressure work?
- Has to do with concentration of particles in a solution
- Blood contains large proteins like albumin or globulin → Can’t pass through capillary wall
- Water moves to area with higher concentration of particles
- Suction effect due to higher (e.g. protein) concentration
- Evens out particle and water concentration on both sides of membrane
How does water travel in colloid osmotic pressure?
from low particle concentration to high particle concentration
Why does water despite the pressure systems accumulate in the body?
Net pressure release of hydrostatic pressure out of capillary > net pressure of colloid-osmotic pressure into capillary
More water is pushed into intersticial space than sucked back into the capillary
How much water is moved into the interstitial space per day?
Approx. 8L
