Anatomy Flashcards
urinary tract
kidneys produce urine / filter blood > ureters carry urine to bladder > bladder stores urine > urethra carries to excretatory organ
upper tract= kidneys & ureters
lower= bladder & urethra
anatomy of the kidneys
location: retroperitoneal- upper quadrants/ lumbar region, right lies at L1-L3, left lies T12-L2. ribs 11& 12 posterior to kidneys
lateral musculature: transverses abdominis, internal and external obliques
posterior musculature: quadratus lumborum, psoas major
hilum of kidney anatomy
hilum of kidney: renal vein (anteriorly), renal artery, ureter (inferiorly)
layers of kidney
renal capsule > perinephric fat > renal deep fascia > paranephric fat > visceral peritoneum
some blood supply of the ureters
many- renal artery, abdominal aorta, common iliac artery
what are 2 areas of LNs kidneys drain to
iliac nodes and lumbar nodes
inside of kidney is composed of ______ and _______
cortex and medulla- medulla contains pyramids which contain nephrons creating the sun ray appearance
how does urine drain
nephrons > minor calyx > major calyx > real pelvis > ureter
what are 3 ureteric constrictions susceptible to pathology
pelviureteric junction, ureter passing over anterior aspect of common iliac artery and ureteric orifice
what muscle creates the pelvic floor
the levator ani muscle
what direction do ureters enter bladder preventing urinary reflux
inferomedial direction
name the male and female pouches formed
male-rectovesicle pouch
female- rectouterine, vesico-uterine
bladder anatomy
location: true pelvis (empty), superior part in contact with peritoneum
anatomy: has 2 ureteric orifices and 1 urethral creating the trigone. wall of bladder is the detrusor muscle (encircles orifices)
T/F: females have longer urethras
F: males have 20cm long, females 4cm
males have internal & external sphincters, females only have external
the external sphincter is under _____ control
voluntary- at level of levator ani muscle
what is the male reproductive tract
sperm produced in testes > epidydimis > vas deferans >spermatic cord > seminal gland > ejaculatory duct > prosthetic urethra > spongy urethra > external urethral orifice
where do testes sit and their drainage
tunica vaginalis
right testicular vein > inferior vena cava
left > renal vein
which area of the prostate is more susceptible to cancer
posterior zone
penis anaotomy
root is attached to ischium > body of penis > glans > external urethral orifice
skin > superficial fascia > deep fascia
arteries: internal pudendal artery, branch of external iliac artery (scrotum)
deep fascia has 3 cylinders which engorge during ejaculation- these are called…
corpus spongiosum, corpus cavernosum x2
visceral afferents supply the majority of sensory innervation of urinary tract- how does this occur?
afferents run along sympathetic fibres
kidneys: > enter T11 and L1 = pain in loins
ureters: > T11 and L2= pain in groin/loins
bladder: upper part (peritoneum contact) is sympathetic > T11-L2 = suprapubic pain
rest of bladder is PS > S2,3,4
3 types of efferent fibres are
sympathetic, parasympathetic, somatic motor
how do sympathetic efferent fibres work
leave CNS (T10-L2) > sympathetic chain> abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves > abdominal sympathetic ganglia > postsynaptic nerves leave ganglia > surface of arteries > organs
how do parasympathetic efferent fibres work
Kidneys: vagus nerve enters abdominal cavity (via diaphragm) > periarterial plexus
bladder: pelvic splanchnic nerves leave S2,3,4
how do somatic motor fibres work
only go to body wall structures!
perineum structures innervated by somatic motor efferents- urethra, external urethral sphincter, pelvic floor muscles
why is pain felt more sharp in urethra?
because only place in tract with visceral and somatic pain afferents (somatic as part of urethra in perineum- localised sharp pain)
how does micturition occur
visceral afferents detect stretch > detrusor muscle contracts > & internal urethral sphincter, external sphincter, levator ani relax > anterolateral muscles contract to inc pressure > urine out
T/F: micturition is mainly under sympathetic control
F: mainly under PS control + somatic control for anterolateral muscle contraction
