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Ophthalmology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what 2 bones are most vulnerable to a blow out fracture

A

orbital bone of maxilla and ethmoid

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2
Q

what is a trapdoor fracture

A

orbit bone break and contents herniates and becomes trapped

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3
Q

what are the muscles that close the eye

A

obicularis Oculi (CN VII)

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4
Q

what are the muscles that open the eye

A

superior tarsal muscle (Mueller’s muscle), inferior tarsal muscles and levator palpebral superioris

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5
Q

what are the muscles that open the eye innervated by

A

CN III

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6
Q

what are the 3 eye layers

A

fibrous- sclera and cornea
uvea- ciliary body, iris, chores
retina- macula, optic disc

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7
Q

the lens divides the eye into segments, the segments in front of the lens is divided into _______ and ________

A

anterior- contains iridocorneal angle

posterior chamber- produces aqueous humor

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8
Q

describe the ciliary body

A

has suspensory ligaments (zonules) that attach to the lens. the CB itself is a sphincter muscle.
secretes aqueous humour and supports lens (for accommodation reflex)

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9
Q

T/F: CN VII innervates ciliary body

A

F: CN III

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10
Q

what is the path of the acqueous humour?

A

secreted into posterior chamber > through pupil to anterior chamber > reabsorbed via canal of schlemm at iridocorneal angle

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11
Q

the ______ _______ artery becomes the ______ artery. this ______ artery itself branches into _______ artery of retina and _____ artery

A

internal carotid artery becomes ophthalmic artery which branches into central retinal artery (end artery) and ciliary arteries

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12
Q

what is the fundus and what is it made up of

A

where light is focussed (back of retina)

  • optic disc (axons meet)
  • fovea (centre of macula)
  • macula (greatest no of cones)
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13
Q

know the cranial nerves in the brain and the foramen

A

look at pics

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14
Q

what is the lacrimal apparatus made up of

A

lacrimal gland, secretes lacrimal fluid which washes over eye, lacrimal lake and lacirimal puncta> nasolacrimal duct

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15
Q

know the visual pathway

A

‘what starts on the outside, stays on the outside’

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16
Q

what innervates the lacrimal apparatus

A 
lacrimal gland (CN V1)
PS innervation of secretion of lacrimal fluid by CN VII
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17
Q

what are the extraocular muscles and their innervation

A

lateral rectus- CN VI
inferior rectus, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique- CN III
superior oblique- CN IV

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18
Q

what is the pulley mechanism in place for the superior oblique extraocular muscle

A

trochlea

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19
Q

where does LPS originate and insert into

A

origin- lesser wing

insertion- tarsus of superior eyelid

20
Q

what are 3 trigeminal branches

A

V1- ophthalmic division
V2- maxillary division
V3- mandibular division

21
Q

what is the innervation for corneal reflex (blink)

A

afferent: CN V1 > CN V to pons
CNS: connection between CN V and CN VII
motor: CN VII to obicularis oculi to close eye

22
Q

difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic reflexes of the eye

A

sympathetic: more light (pupil dilation), focus on far objects
parasympathetic: less light, less focus, reflex lacrimation

23
Q

what are the 6 reflexes

A
  1. wide eye opening
  2. pupil light reflex
  3. accomodation reflex
  4. lacrimation reflex
  5. vestibule-ocular reflex
  6. oculocardiac reflex
24
Q

which muscle lack of results in Horner’s

A

Mueller’s muscle

25
Q

T/F: sensory afferent limb for light reflex is ipsilateral and CN II innervation

A

T and motor limb is bilateral and CN III innervation

26
Q

constriction of pupil is directed by ______ system and is when the __________ tense up

A

parasympathetic, sphincter pupillae fibres

27
Q

dilation of pupil is directed by _______ system and is when _______ tense up

A

sympathetic, dilator papillae fibres

28
Q

dilation of pupil is directed by _______ system and is when _______ tense up

A

sympathetic, dilator papillae fibres

29
Q

know the pupil test and what RAPD is

A

RAPD= rapid afferent pupillary defect- may show pathology

30
Q

what is the accommodation reflex

A

lens around eye changes to focus light on retina in different ways

31
Q

for far vision, what does accommodation reflex do?

A

light doesn’t have to refract as much so…

ciliary muscle relaxed, zonules tensed, lens flattens

32
Q

for close vision, what does accommodation reflex do?

A

light has to be refracted more with close objects and spherical objects refract more light so…
ciliary muscle contracts, zonules (ligaments relax) and lens becomes more spherical

33
Q

which is parasympathetic innervation- close or far accommodation reflex

A

close- CN III innervated

34
Q

what are the 3 types of tears

A

basal, reflex, emotional

reflex: afferent CN V1, efferent CN VII

35
Q

what are the 4 cardinals rules for refraction of light

A
  1. close objects bend light more
  2. spherical objects refract light more
  3. ciliary muscle is sphincter
  4. lens wants to naturally become a sphere (PS)
36
Q

what is the Monroe-Kelly Hypothesis

A

blood, CSF and brain volumes should all be constant. when one changes the other 2 compensate to maintain balance

37
Q

what should CSF value be

A

NOT more than >20mmHg

38
Q

how does raised ICP (through inc CSF pressure or by something in brain e.g. tumour) affect CN II?

A

raised ICP can transfer into subarachnoid space and compress optic nerve causing optic disc swelling

39
Q

what are the 3 types of mater (mothers)

A

dura mater- CN V innervation
arachnoid- looks like a spider
pia mater- lines brain

40
Q

subarachnoid space completely surrounds brains and spinal cord- what is in it?

A

circulating CSF and blood vessels

41
Q

what does the dura mater create

A

dural septae
large septa: fall cerebri (left and right divisions) and tentorium cerebelli (superior and inferior)

small septa: sella diaphragma, falx cerebelli

42
Q

what is tentorial notch and common pathology

A

where brain stem passes- raised ICP may compress/stretch CN III as temporal love herniates through notch

43
Q

what are signs of CN III palsy

A

pupil dilated, down and out eye

44
Q

what are sings of CN IV palsy

A

inward and up eye

45
Q

signs of CN VI palsy

A

medial deviation of eye

46
Q

glaucoma signs in terms of optic disc and fundoscopy

A

big cup due to inc loss of fibres

47
Q

papilloedema signs in terms of optic disc and fundoscopy

A

no optic disc, haemorrhages

Ophthalmology (12 decks)

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