ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY 2.2(CARDIAC FAILURE) Flashcards
HEART FAILURE
OCCURS WHEN THE HEART IS UNABLE TO PUMP BLOOD AT A RATE THAT MEETS THE METABOLISM REQUIREMENTS OF THE PERIPHERAL TISSUE
CAUSES OF HEART FAILURE
FAILURE OF THE PUMP OBSTRUCTION TO FLOW REGURGITANT OF BLOOD DISORDERED CARDIAC CONDUCTION RUPTURE OF HEART MUSCLE OR MAJOR VESSELS
COMPENSATION FOR HEART FAILURE
NEUROHORMORAL-RELEASE OF NOREPINEPHRINE TO INCREASE MYOCARDIAL
CONTRACTIVITY
-ACTIVATION OF RENIN ANGIOTENSIN
-RELEASE OF ANP
FRANCK STARLING-INCREASE IN EDS INCREASE PRELOAD WHICH WILL INCREASE
CONTRACTILE FORCE
MYOCARDIAL STRUCTURAL CHANGE (HYPERTROPHY)
CAUSES OF HYPERTROPHY
HYPERTENSION
VALVULAR DISEASE
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
PERICARDIAL CAUSES OF HEART FAILURE
EFFUSION
HAEMORRHAGE
PERICARDITIS
MYOCARDIAL CAUSES OF HEART FAILURE
HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE CHRONIC VALVULAR DISEASE ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE NUTRITION(ALCOHOL AND THIAMINE) INFLAMMATORY CARDIOMYOPATHIES(VIRAL) NON INFLAMMATORY CARDIOMYOPATHIES
ENDOCARDIUM CAUSES OF HEART FAILURE
ENDOCARDITIS(INFECTIVE AND NON INFECTIVE)
TERMINOLOGY
CARDIOGENIC SHOCK COR PULMONALE FORWARD FAILURE BACKWARD FAILURE HIGH OUTPUT FAILURE SYSTOLIC FAILURE DIASTOLIC FAILURE
CARDIOGENIC SHOCK
OCCURS WHEN THE BLOOD PRESSURE IS BELOW NORMAL DUR TO INABILITY OF THE HEART TO PUMP BLOOD WITH SUFFICIENT PRESSURE
RESULT IN HYPOXIA
CEREBRAL HYPOXIA IS FATAL
THERE IS A DECREASE IN CARDIAC OUTPUT AND DECREASED PERFUSION
COR PULMONALE
OCCURS WHEN THERE IS RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTOPHY THAT MAY OR MAY NOT BE ASSOCIATED WITH RIGHT VENTRICLE FAILURE,SECONDARY TO LUNG DISEASE
FORWARD FAILURE
OCCURS WHEN HEART CAN NOT PUMP ENOUGH BLOOD TO THE TISSUES OR TO LUNGS
FORWARD FAILURE TO RIGHT-HEART CAN’T PUMP SUFFICIENT BLOOD TO LUNGS RESULTING IN PULMONARY HYPOXIA
FORWARD FAILURE TO LEFT-HEART CAN’T PUMP SUFFICIENT BLOOD TO TISSUES RESULTING IN MUSCLE WEAKNESS,FATIGUE AND TISSUE HYPOXIA
BACKWARD FAILURE
OCCURS WHEN THE HEART CAN NOT ACCEPT ENOUGH BLOOD
BACKWARD FAILURE TO THE RIGHT -THERE IS AN INCREASE IN SYSTEMIC VENOUS PRESSURE REULTING IN PERIPHERAL OEDEMA,HEPATOMEGALY
BACKWARD FAILURE TO LEFT-THERE IS AN INCREASE IN PULMONARY PRESSURE RESULTING IN PULMONARY OEDEMA,DYDPNOEA,TATCHYPNOEA
HIGH OUTPUT FAILURE
OCCURS WHEN A NORMAL HEART CAN NOT KEEP UP WITH A HIGH BLOOD DEMAND OF ONE OR MORE ORGAN,MAY BE DUE TO HYPERTHYROIDISM OR ANAEMIA
SYSTOLIC FAILURE
OCCURS WHEN LEFT VENTRICLE CAN NOT SQUEEZE FORCEFULLY ENOUGH DURING SYSTOLE,CAUSED BY CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND CARDIOMYOPATHY
DIASTOLIC FAILURE
COMMONLY IN AGING HEARTS
OCCURS WHEN LEFT VENTRICLE IS UNABLE TO FILL PROPERLY DURING A DIASTOLE
THIS CAN BE DUE TO MYOCARDIAL MUSCLES BEING TOO THICK OR STIFF
TO COMPENMSATE THIS HEART HAS TO INCREASE THE PRE LOAD
OVERTIME THE BLOOD BUILD UP IN A LEFT ATRIUM AND EVENTUALLY TO THE LUNGS WHICH LEADS TO THE FLUID CONGESTION
CAUSES OF ACUTE VENTRICULAR FAILURE
MYOCARDIAL INFARCT
CORONARY ARTERY MAY BE BLOCKED BY A THROMBUS
RAPTURE IN THE MITRAL VALVE
CAUSES OF CHRONIC VENTRICULAR FAILURE
HYPERTENSION
VALVULAR DISEASE
IMYOCARDIAL SCHAEMIA
LEADS TO FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
CONTRACTION IS IMPAIRED
EFFECTS OF LEFT VENTRICULAR FAILURE ON LUNGS
PULMONARY CONGESTION & OEDEMA
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
DYSPNEA
ORTHOPNEA
PULMONARY CHANGES IN SEQUENCE
PERIVASCULAR& INTERSTITIAL TRANSUADE
PROGRESSIVE EDEMATORS,WIDENING OF ALVEOLAR SPACES
ACCUMULATION OF OEDEMA FLUID IN THE ALVEOLI
MACROPHGES CONVERT IRON CONTAINING PROTEIN AND HAEMOGLOBIN INTO HAEMOSIDERIN
EFFECT ON KIDNEY
DECREASED PERFUSION
ACTIVATION OF RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDESTERONE
INDUCING RETENTION OF SALT AND WATERWITH EXPANSION OF INTERSTITIAL VOLUME AND BLOOD VOLUME
EFFECTS ON THE BRAIN
CEREBRAL HYPOXIA
RIGHT VENTRICULAR FAILURE
SECONDARY TO LEFT
CAUSES OF ACUTE RIGHT VENTRICULAR FAILURE
MYOCARDIAL INFARCT TO THE RIGHT VENTRICLE
PULMONARY ARTERY EMBOLUS
