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THEME 2.2 > ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY 2.2(CARDIAC FAILURE) > Flashcards

ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY 2.2(CARDIAC FAILURE) Flashcards

1
Q

HEART FAILURE

A

OCCURS WHEN THE HEART IS UNABLE TO PUMP BLOOD AT A RATE THAT MEETS THE METABOLISM REQUIREMENTS OF THE PERIPHERAL TISSUE

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2
Q

CAUSES OF HEART FAILURE

A 
FAILURE OF THE PUMP
OBSTRUCTION TO FLOW
REGURGITANT OF BLOOD
DISORDERED CARDIAC CONDUCTION
RUPTURE OF HEART MUSCLE OR MAJOR VESSELS
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3
Q

COMPENSATION FOR HEART FAILURE

A

NEUROHORMORAL-RELEASE OF NOREPINEPHRINE TO INCREASE MYOCARDIAL
CONTRACTIVITY
-ACTIVATION OF RENIN ANGIOTENSIN
-RELEASE OF ANP

FRANCK STARLING-INCREASE IN EDS INCREASE PRELOAD WHICH WILL INCREASE
CONTRACTILE FORCE
MYOCARDIAL STRUCTURAL CHANGE (HYPERTROPHY)

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4
Q

CAUSES OF HYPERTROPHY

A

HYPERTENSION
VALVULAR DISEASE
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

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5
Q

PERICARDIAL CAUSES OF HEART FAILURE

A

EFFUSION
HAEMORRHAGE
PERICARDITIS

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6
Q

MYOCARDIAL CAUSES OF HEART FAILURE

A 
HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE
CHRONIC VALVULAR DISEASE
ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
NUTRITION(ALCOHOL AND THIAMINE)
INFLAMMATORY CARDIOMYOPATHIES(VIRAL)
NON INFLAMMATORY CARDIOMYOPATHIES
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7
Q

ENDOCARDIUM CAUSES OF HEART FAILURE

A

ENDOCARDITIS(INFECTIVE AND NON INFECTIVE)

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8
Q

TERMINOLOGY

A 
CARDIOGENIC SHOCK
COR PULMONALE
FORWARD FAILURE
BACKWARD FAILURE
HIGH OUTPUT FAILURE
SYSTOLIC FAILURE
DIASTOLIC FAILURE
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9
Q

CARDIOGENIC SHOCK

A

OCCURS WHEN THE BLOOD PRESSURE IS BELOW NORMAL DUR TO INABILITY OF THE HEART TO PUMP BLOOD WITH SUFFICIENT PRESSURE
RESULT IN HYPOXIA
CEREBRAL HYPOXIA IS FATAL
THERE IS A DECREASE IN CARDIAC OUTPUT AND DECREASED PERFUSION

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10
Q

COR PULMONALE

A

OCCURS WHEN THERE IS RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTOPHY THAT MAY OR MAY NOT BE ASSOCIATED WITH RIGHT VENTRICLE FAILURE,SECONDARY TO LUNG DISEASE

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11
Q

FORWARD FAILURE

A

OCCURS WHEN HEART CAN NOT PUMP ENOUGH BLOOD TO THE TISSUES OR TO LUNGS
FORWARD FAILURE TO RIGHT-HEART CAN’T PUMP SUFFICIENT BLOOD TO LUNGS RESULTING IN PULMONARY HYPOXIA
FORWARD FAILURE TO LEFT-HEART CAN’T PUMP SUFFICIENT BLOOD TO TISSUES RESULTING IN MUSCLE WEAKNESS,FATIGUE AND TISSUE HYPOXIA

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12
Q

BACKWARD FAILURE

A

OCCURS WHEN THE HEART CAN NOT ACCEPT ENOUGH BLOOD

BACKWARD FAILURE TO THE RIGHT -THERE IS AN INCREASE IN SYSTEMIC VENOUS PRESSURE REULTING IN PERIPHERAL OEDEMA,HEPATOMEGALY

BACKWARD FAILURE TO LEFT-THERE IS AN INCREASE IN PULMONARY PRESSURE RESULTING IN PULMONARY OEDEMA,DYDPNOEA,TATCHYPNOEA

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13
Q

HIGH OUTPUT FAILURE

A

OCCURS WHEN A NORMAL HEART CAN NOT KEEP UP WITH A HIGH BLOOD DEMAND OF ONE OR MORE ORGAN,MAY BE DUE TO HYPERTHYROIDISM OR ANAEMIA

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14
Q

SYSTOLIC FAILURE

A

OCCURS WHEN LEFT VENTRICLE CAN NOT SQUEEZE FORCEFULLY ENOUGH DURING SYSTOLE,CAUSED BY CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND CARDIOMYOPATHY

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15
Q

DIASTOLIC FAILURE

A

COMMONLY IN AGING HEARTS
OCCURS WHEN LEFT VENTRICLE IS UNABLE TO FILL PROPERLY DURING A DIASTOLE
THIS CAN BE DUE TO MYOCARDIAL MUSCLES BEING TOO THICK OR STIFF
TO COMPENMSATE THIS HEART HAS TO INCREASE THE PRE LOAD
OVERTIME THE BLOOD BUILD UP IN A LEFT ATRIUM AND EVENTUALLY TO THE LUNGS WHICH LEADS TO THE FLUID CONGESTION

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16
Q

CAUSES OF ACUTE VENTRICULAR FAILURE

A

MYOCARDIAL INFARCT
CORONARY ARTERY MAY BE BLOCKED BY A THROMBUS
RAPTURE IN THE MITRAL VALVE

17
Q

CAUSES OF CHRONIC VENTRICULAR FAILURE

A

HYPERTENSION
VALVULAR DISEASE
IMYOCARDIAL SCHAEMIA

LEADS TO FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
CONTRACTION IS IMPAIRED

18
Q

EFFECTS OF LEFT VENTRICULAR FAILURE ON LUNGS

A

PULMONARY CONGESTION & OEDEMA

19
Q

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A

DYSPNEA

ORTHOPNEA

20
Q

PULMONARY CHANGES IN SEQUENCE

A

PERIVASCULAR& INTERSTITIAL TRANSUADE
PROGRESSIVE EDEMATORS,WIDENING OF ALVEOLAR SPACES
ACCUMULATION OF OEDEMA FLUID IN THE ALVEOLI
MACROPHGES CONVERT IRON CONTAINING PROTEIN AND HAEMOGLOBIN INTO HAEMOSIDERIN

21
Q

EFFECT ON KIDNEY

A

DECREASED PERFUSION
ACTIVATION OF RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDESTERONE
INDUCING RETENTION OF SALT AND WATERWITH EXPANSION OF INTERSTITIAL VOLUME AND BLOOD VOLUME

22
Q

EFFECTS ON THE BRAIN

A

CEREBRAL HYPOXIA

23
Q

RIGHT VENTRICULAR FAILURE

A

SECONDARY TO LEFT

24
Q

CAUSES OF ACUTE RIGHT VENTRICULAR FAILURE

A

MYOCARDIAL INFARCT TO THE RIGHT VENTRICLE

PULMONARY ARTERY EMBOLUS

THEME 2.2 (11 decks)

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