analgesics

Question 1

what is an analgesic drugs

Answer 1

substances relive pain by exerting depressing action on the central nervous system

Question 2

what is a narcotic drug

Answer 2

analgesic or pain-killing substance that depress vital body functions such as blood pressure, pulse rate and breathing rate

also commonly used for any socially unaccepted drugs

Question 3

what are morphine, codeine, heroin and methadone called

Answer 3

opioids

have analgesic properties

Question 4

what is opium

Answer 4

dried milky juice of unripe seedpods of opium poppy

Question 5

what are the chief constituents of opium

Answer 5

the alkaloids codeine and morphine from which heroin is synthesised

those constituents are classified as opium alkaloids

Question 6

process of harvesting opium

Answer 6

tapping the pod (cutting), can’t be too deep or shallow, can be done more than once

tapping normally done in later afternoon

secretion of opium was scrapped off the pod

Question 7

on average how many milligrams of crude opium per pod

Answer 7

50

Question 8

anatomy of opium poppy

Answer 8

skin of the poppy encloses the wall of the pod ovary, ovary wall consists of outer, middle and inner layer

plants latex is produced within the ovary wall and drains into the middle layer

the cells of the middle layer secrete more than 95% of the opium when the pod is scored and harvested

Question 9

what are alkaloids

Answer 9

natural products that contain one or more nitrogen atom and are therefore basic in character

Question 10

what are opioids

Answer 10

used to refer to any drug with an opium-like action, whether they be derived from the opium poppy, like morphine, or synthetic drugs such as methadone

Question 11

effects of opioid drugs

Answer 11

at low doses they relieve pain and anxiety and if the dose is increased they produce a sedative effect

Question 12

what is addiction

Answer 12

a primary, chronic neurobiological disease

addictive drugs stimulate pleasure and motivation pathways in the brain much more strongly than natural rewards

repeated exposure to these drugs can fool the brain into prioritising drug-taking over normal, healthy activities

Question 13

opioids produce tolerance

Answer 13

a need to continue increasing the dose in order to get the same effect

Question 14

opium and heroin timeline

Answer 14

1300 B.C Egyptians started to cultivate opium poppies for self-use and trade
1000 A.D The medical use of opium poppy seeds is widespread
1803 Morphine isolated from poppies by a German pharmacist
1874 Heroin is first synthesised from morphine by a chemist
1911 British Pharmaceutical Codex notes that heroin is as addictive as morphine

Question 15

what class is morphine

Answer 15

A

Question 16

where is morphine isolated from

Answer 16

isolated from juice obtained from unripe seed pods of the opium poppy

morphine is one of the most effective painkillers known

Question 17

what is morphine

Answer 17

potent analgesic, its primary clinical use is in the management of severe pain. morphine is highly addictive and the body builds up a tolerance quickly

Question 18

give 4 ways morphine can be administered

Answer 18

injected
smoked
sniffed
swallowed

Question 19

what class is codeine

Answer 19

B

Question 20

where is codeine found

Answer 20

in opium in small conc, most codeine used in medical products is synthesised from morphine

moderate to low, potency and dependency compared to morphine

Question 21

what is heroin

Answer 21

the di-ester of morphine and its made from morphine via chemical reaction for medical or illegal use

Question 22

is heroin an alkaloid

Answer 22

no as it is unavailable from opium poppy

Question 23

what is heroin also known as

Answer 23

brown
skag
H
horse
gear
smack

Question 24

what class is heroin

Answer 24

A

Question 25

heroin appearance

Answer 25

white powder when pure

street heroin can be anything from off white to brown powder and black tar or granular lump

Question 26

give 4 ways of administrating heroin

Answer 26

smoked
snorted
dissolved in water
injected

Question 27

alcohol group

Answer 27

OH

polar group, can form hydrogen bonding

Question 28

ether group

Answer 28

C-O-C

less polar than OH, stable

Question 29

amine group

Answer 29

C-CH-C

less polar, has basic property

Question 30

ester group

Answer 30

C-C=O-O-C

less polar than OH, less stable than ether

Question 31

carbon bonding

Answer 31

valency of 5

tetrahedral in shape

Question 32

amine bonding

Answer 32

valency of 4
distorted tetrahedral
pyramid in shape

Question 33

oxygen

Answer 33

valency 2

Question 34

chiral carbon

Answer 34

all four substitution on carbon are different

Question 35

South east asia

Answer 35

white type heroin

Question 36

south western asia

Answer 36

brown type heroin

Question 37

south america

Answer 37

black tar heroin

Question 38

opium poppy growing conditions

Answer 38

grows best in warm climates with low humidity

requires moderate amount of water and during early stages of growth

long day photo-responsive plant so requires long days and short nights before will develop flowers

excessive moisture or extremely arid conditions will adversely affect the poppy plants growth and reduce the alkaloid content