An Orientation to the Human Body Flashcards
What are the 7 Levels of Structural Organization?
- Chemicals 2. Organelles 3. Cells 4. Tissues 5. Organs 6. Organ Systems 7. Organisms
How are Anatomy and Physiology related
Because Structure Determines Function
What is the study of Large Structures that are easily visible to the naked eye?
Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy
What is the study of very small structures that can only be viewed with a microscope?
Microscopic Anatomy
What are the 2 Subdivisions of Microscopic Anatomy
- Histology (Study of Tissues) 2. Cytology (Study of Cells)
What is the study of structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span?
Developmental Anatomy
What is the subdivision of Developmental Anatomy
Embryology
Higher levels of structure can do things lower levels cannot do is
Emergent Properties
Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. Chemically makes vitamin D and houses pain and pressure, receptors and sweat and oil glands
Integumentary System
As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Nervous System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by cells
Endocrine System
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
Respiratory System
Production of offspring; Testicles produce sperm and male sex hormone, male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serves as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
Reproductive System
Breaks down food into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces.
Digestive System
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expressions. Maintains posture and produces heat.
Muscular System
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid base balance of the blood.
Urinary System
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lympatic stream. Houses white blood cells involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
Immune/ Lymphatic System
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes. The heart pumps blood.
Cardiovascular System
Every organism must be protected from an external environment is
Maintain Boundaries
Propel ourselves from one place to another; Also occurs when substances propelles through internal organs of our organ systems.
Movement
What is the ability to sense changes in the environemt and then respond?
Responsiveness
A type of metabolism that breaks things down
Catabolism
What are the 8 Necessary Life Functions
- Maintaining boundaries 2. Movement 3. Responsiveness 4. Digestion 5. Metabolism 6. Excretion 7. Reproduction 8. Growth
What are the 5 Survival Needs
- Nutrients 2. Oxygen 3. Water 4. Normal Body Temperature 5. Atmospheric Pressure
Maintaining a stable internal environment within narrow limit, regardless of environmental changes
Homeostasis
Responds to changes in the environment
Receptor
Determines set point of body
Control Center
Executes response for homeostasis
Effector
This homeostasis mechanism shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity
Negative Feedback
This homeostasis mechansim increases the original stimulus to push the variable further away from the set point and occurs in blood clotting, birth of a baby, and sexual responses
Positive Feedback
