an introduction to the human body Flashcards
what is one word to describe anatomy?
STRUCTURE
(describing how it looks)
ex. 2 atria in the heart
LV,RV etc.
what is the gross structure?
structures without microscope , what does it look like??
what is the systemic anatomy? think SYSTEM
goes by body systems
ex. cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular etc.
what is regional anatomy?
goes by specific region
ex. thorax, head & neck etc.
what is surface anatomy? how do we know the structure from the surface?
can determine by finger point what is located where w/no cutting or sx
i.e. abdomen, heart etc.
what is radio graphic anatomy?
study area inside the x ray
what is the black area of the x ray?
AIR
what root word means lung?
PNEUM
what is pneumothorax?
something that destroys double membrane in the lung
when air enters lung.
i.e. stab wound
any white areas on x ray?
fluid !!!
what is one word to describe physiology?
the FUNCTION
(how it works)
ex. the LV contracts to the aorta
what is histology ?
study of normal tissue under the microscope
ex. looking under microscope
bx of heart —- normal
what is pathology?
study of ABNORMAL tissue under the microscope w the eyes , study of DISEASE
can be at organ level or eye level
ex. surgeon sees white spots on x ray and he noticed an abnormal spot so he takes bx
what is embryology?
during first month of development
zygote builds body
what is pharmacology?
anything involving the drug
medication
study how it works and the mechanisms
what is physiology?
branch of bio that deals w the functions, mechanisms and activities of organisms at the cellular or organ system level. how body parts work.
what does pathophysiology mean?
how the normal tissue turns abnormal
what is the most important area of physiology?
renal physiology (physiology of the kidney and electrolytes)
what are the subdivisions of physiology?
neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular, immunology, respiratory, renal physiology, exercise physiology, pathophysiology
what is applied biology?
study of the real-world applications of the life sciences
what increases concentration of a substance?
the amount of molecules inside a cup of water/fluid
EX. adding more and more sugar to a cup of water
if cup A has two spoons sugar and cup B has one spoon sugar, which one has more concentration?
cup A
the concentration is the percentage of molecule to fluid. cup A has a lot of water and 2 spoon sugar. cup B has a little water but same amount 2 spoon sugar. which is more concentrated?
cup B —- has less fluid
what is polyphesia?
eating a lot
what is polyuria?
urinating a lot
what is the role of the pancreas?
produces insulin
what is the smallest unit of the unliving?
atoms
what is the smallest unit of life?
cell
ex. body, animal, plants
how is a human formed?
from chemical level of cells > cellular level > molecule > tissue level > organ level > system level > organismal level
what forms an organ?
multiple tissues together
the cell that shaped the tissue should have similar shape and similar function
multiple organs together form the system level
cell > tissue > organ > system > multi system (human)
what is metabolism?
all chemical processes in our body
food turns into sugar , no exercise , it turns to fat
anabolism : builds up
catabolism: breaks down
what is differentiation?
when one cell gives you two different cells
ex. stem cells in bone marrow
sperm & ovum = zygote multiplies
break down homeostasis
homeo = like/similar
stasis = condition or balance among various forces
homeostasis
body’s ability to detect change , activate mechanisms to correct it, thereby maintain stable internal conditions
maintenance of a stable and constant condition of the internal environment that is optimal for functioning
ex. feel hot so you sweat
what is anatomical position
subject stands erect , w the eyes looking forward and arms at the side, palms forward
cranial
skull
cubital
wrist
patellar
front of knee
orbital
eye
thoracic
chest
inguinal
groin
metacarpal
hand/palm
plantar
sole of foot
buccal
cheek
axillary
armpit
femoral
thigh
gluteal
buttock
tarsal
ankle
digital
toes
what is medial ?
closer to midline
sternum is medial to the heart
what is lateral?
away from midline
ex heart from the sternum
what is proximal?
closer to limb
what is distal?
further from limb
what is caudal?
close to the bottom
anterior or ventral
out from chest
what is posterior/dorsal?
away from back
superficial
toward the surface
fat, lipid, fascia
superficial fascia: outer layer of fascia : outer layer of fat
deep
towards the core of the body
saggital body plane
midline
transverse body plane
horizontal
frontal
coronal
what is the line dividing the upper and lower quadrants called?
cartilage it is called sub coastal line
what line divides from the stomach to the pelvis region?
transtubercular line
how many abdomino pelvic regions are there?
9
abdominopelvic quadrants where do the vertical and horizontal lines pass?
through umbilicus
what lines divide the abdomen into vertical lines?
midclavicular lines
where is the vertebral cavity located?
near neck
how does brain not get injured from trauma?
serous membrane surrounding it
double layer
what does the visceral layer do?
covers the organs within the cavities
towards the outside
what does the parietal layer do?
lines the cavity walls
inside
lungs?
pleural
air in the pluera?
pneumothorax
fluid in pluera?
pleural effusion
what is inspection in the non invasive diagnostic technique ?
look for anything looks abnormal
ex. discoloration, swelling etc.
what is palpitation for non invasive diagnostic technique?
feeling body surfaces w hands to detect abnormality
what is auscultation?
listening to body sounds to evaluate functions
symptom vs sign?
symptom pt complaint
sign what dr. sees and observes
what is percussion diagnostic technique?
placing left hand on body and tapping w other hand middle finger
fluid gives dull sounds vs air
what is radionuclide scanning?
giving radioactive substance in an IV
(SPECT)
what is PET scan?
injecting substance emitting positively charged particles into the body
laparoscopy does what?
study organs in abdominopelvic organs
