Amines And Amides

Question 1

Why use excess ammonia when making amines from haloalkanes

Answer 1

To prevent further substitution where the amine made reacts with the haloalkane. Having lots of ammonia means it is more likely to react to form a primary amine but the product will still be impure

Question 2

Why use ethanol as the solvent for the formation of amines

Answer 2

To prevent water substituting the haloalkane to form an alcohol

Question 3

How to make a primary amine

Answer 3

1) react haloalkane with NH3 forming alkyl ammonium salt
2) deprotonate with NaOH forming amine NaX and water

Question 4

How to make secondary or tertiary amine

Answer 4

1) react haloalkane with primary or secondary amine with ethanol solvent
2) deprotonate with NaOH

Question 5

How to make phenyl amine from nitrobenzene

Answer 5

1) tin and HCl under reflux forming phenyl ammonium chloride
2) deprotonate with excess NaOH

Question 6

What is the isoelectric point

Answer 6

The Ph at which zwitterion forms when an amino acid has its amine protonated and its acid deprotonated

Question 7

Optical isomer or enantiomer

Answer 7

2 non super impossible mirror image molecules formed as a result of a chiral centre

Question 8

Chiral centre

Answer 8

A carbon attached to 4 different groups making optical isomers

Question 9

Stereoisomer

Answer 9

Same structural formula but different arrangement in space. Eg optical or geometric isomers

Question 10

Why are amides less basic than amines

Answer 10

The electronegative carbonyl draws the nitrogen lone pair towards it making it less available to accept a proton

Question 11

Turning a Nitrile into an amine

Answer 11

Either h2 and nickel or anhydrous LiAlH4