Amines, amides and polyamides

Question 1

What is the amine functional group?

Answer 1

primary: R-NH2
secondary: R-NH-R
Tertiary R-N(R)-R

Question 2

How are amines named?

Answer 2

____yl #-amine

eg. propyl 2-amine

Question 3

Describe intermolecular bonding in amines.

Answer 3

London forces, permanent dipoles and hydrogen bonds between the lone pair on N and delta + hydrogen atoms

Question 4

Why are amines weak bases?

Answer 4

They can accept protons to form alkyl ammonium salts

Question 5

How do amines accept protons?

Answer 5

The lone pair on the nitrogen atom can form a dative covalent bond with an H+ ion.

Question 6

How can ammonia act as a nucleophile?

Answer 6

By donating the lone pair on the nitrogen atom

Question 7

How are primary amines prepared?

Answer 7

By nucleophilic substitution onto haloalkanes

Question 8

Give a general equation and conditions for the production of primary amines

Answer 8

haloalkane + excess ammonia —–> primary amine + hydrogen halide
Ethanol cosolvent

Question 9

How can phenylamines be synthesised?

Answer 9

By the reduction of nitrobenzene

Question 10

Give equations for the two steps for the synthesis of phenylamine from nitrobenzene.

Answer 10

Nitrobenzene + 6[H] + HCl ——> phenyl ammonium chloride + 2H20
Phenyl ammonium chloride + NaOH ——> Phenyl amine + H20 + NaCl

Question 11

Give the conditions for the reduction of nitrobenzene to phenyl amine

Answer 11

Step 1: Sn catalyst and conc HCl

Step 2: NaOH in excess

Question 12

How is nitrobenzene synthesised?

Answer 12

The electrophilic substitution of NO2+ onto an aromatic ring

Question 13

How is the electrophile formed for the formation of nitrobenzene.

Answer 13

H2SO4 + HNO3 —–> NO2+ + HSO4- + H20

Question 14

What are the conditions for the nitration of benzene?

Answer 14

50 degrees C
Conc nitric acid
Conc sulphuric acid

Question 15

Which two funtional groups are present in amino acids?

Answer 15

Amine -NH2

Carboxylic acid -COOH

Question 16

How do amino acids react with an acid?

Answer 16

The NH2 group accepts a proton to form a salt.

Question 17

How do amino acids react with hydroxide ions?

Answer 17

The carboxylic acid -OH group donates an H+ ion to form water.

Question 18

How do amino acids react with alcohols?

Answer 18

They form aminoesters

Question 19

What is the functional group of an amide?

Answer 19

CONH2

A carboxylic acid derivative with an NH2 group instead of an OH group

Question 20

How is a primary amide synthesised?

Answer 20

The reaction of an acyl chloride with ammonia.

Question 21

Give a general equation for the formation of primary amides.

Answer 21

acyl chloride + 2NH3 ——> primary amide + NH4Cl

Question 22

How is a secondary amide synthesised?

Answer 22

The reaction of an acyl chloride with a primary amine

Question 23

Give a general equation for the formation of secondary amides.

Answer 23

acyl chloride + 2 primary amine —–> secondary amide + alkylammonium chloride

Question 24

What are the three types of structural isomers?

Answer 24

Chain- different numbers or positions of side chains on the main carbon chain
Positional- the functional group is in a different position on the carbon chain
Functional group- the functional group is different

Question 25

What are optical isomers?

Answer 25

Molecules with the same structural formula but which are non-superimposible mirror images of each other.

Question 26

What are the conditions for optical isomerism?

Answer 26

A single carbon atom must be bonded to 4 different groups.