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Chemistry > Alcohols > Flashcards

Alcohols Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a primary alcohol?

A

An alcohol in which the OH group is attached to a carbon which is attached to just one other carbon atom.

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2
Q

What is a secondary alcohol?

A

An alcohol in which the OH group is attached to a carbon which is attached to two other carbon atoms.

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3
Q

What is a tertiary alcohol?

A

An alcohol in which the OH group is attached to a carbon which is attached to three other carbon atoms.

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4
Q

Describe the trend of boiling points in homologous series.

A

Boiling point increases as molecules get larger as bigger molecules form stronger London forces which take more energy to break.

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5
Q

Why do alcohols have anomalously high boiling points?

A

They contain hydrogen bonds between the lone pair on oxygen atoms and the delta + charges on hydrogen atoms.

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6
Q

Why are alcohols soluble in water.

A

They can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

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7
Q

Explain the trend of solubility in the alcohols.

A

As molecules get larger, solubility decreases, as only one hydrogen bond can form per alcohol molecule.

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8
Q

What are the products of complete combustion of alcohols?

A

Carbon dioxide and water.

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9
Q

Why is ethanol a good fuel?

A

It contains oxygen, so burns cleanly with little incomplete combustion.
It can be produced naturally via fermentation so is renewable.
It is a liquid so easy to store.

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10
Q

Give the conditions for the dehydration of alcohols

A

Heat under reflux

Concentrated sulphuric/ phosphoric acid catalyst

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11
Q

What does elimination mean?

A

The removal of atoms or groups from neighbouring carbon atoms to form an alkene and release a small molecule (eg water)

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12
Q

Which is the easiest type of alcohol to eliminate water from?

A

Tertiary

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13
Q

Describe the dehydration of alcohols.

A

An alcohol is heated with a concentrated acid catalyst to give a C=C double bond and a water molecule

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14
Q

What are the two chemicals required to oxidise and organic compound?

A 
Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)
Dilute sulphuric acid
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15
Q

What can be observed when an organic molecule is oxidised?

A

Solution changes from orange to green (or blue).

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16
Q

What are the potential products of oxidation of primary alcohols?

A

Aldehydes or carboxylic acids.

17
Q

How is the oxidising agent shown in an oxidation reaction?

A

[O]

18
Q

Give a general equation for the formation of an aldehyde from a primary alcohol.

A

primary alcohol + [O] —–> aldehyde + water

19
Q

What are the conditions for oxidising a primary alcohol to an aldehyde?

A

Heat and distillation.

20
Q

Give a general equation for the formation of a carboxylic acid from a primary alcohol.

A

primary alcohol + 2[O] ——-> carboxylic acid + water

21
Q

Give a general equation for the formation of a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde.

A

aldehyde + [O] ——-> carboxylic acid

22
Q

What is the product of the oxidation of a secondary alcohol?

A

A ketone

23
Q

Give a general equation for the formation of a ketone from a secondary alcohol.

A

secondary alcohol + [O] ——> ketone + water

24
Q

What are the conditions for oxidising a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid?

A

Heat under reflux

25
Q

What are the conditions for oxidising a secondary alcohol to a ketone?

A

Heat under reflux

26
Q

Why can a tertiary alcohol not be oxidised?

A

The C atom that holds the -OH group already has 4 bonds- there are no hydrogen atoms to be displaced.

27
Q

What is the mechanism by which hydrogen halides react with alcohols?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

28
Q

What species acts as the nucleophile in the substitution of halogens onto alcohols?

A

The delta- halogen atom.

29
Q

What is the advantage of using alcohols to produce haloalkanes?

A

The halogen atom can be directed onto a specific carbon atom, with no risk of the production of stereoisomers.

30
Q

What are the conditions for the nucleophilic substitution of alcohols?

A

Heat under reflux

31
Q

What are the reagents in the process of esterification?

A

An alcohol and a carboxylic acid

32
Q

What are the conditions for the process of esterification?

A

Heat under reflux and a concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst.

33
Q

Give a general reaction for the production of esters

A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid ester + water

34
Q

How are esters named?

A

(alcohol) yl (acid) oate

35
Q

What is the functional group of an ester?

A

-COO-

A carbon atom attached to both an OH group and a single oxygen atom which forms part of the carbon chain.

36
Q

In the nucleophilic substitution of alcohols, how is the HX nucleophile formed?

A

NaX + H2SO4 ——> HBr + NaHSO4

37
Q

Give the reagents for the nucleophilic substitution of an alcohol with a halogen.

A

Sodium halide, sulphuric acid and an alcohol.

Chemistry (13 decks)

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