Alkenes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a sigma bond?

A

A C-C single bond formed by the end-on overlap of p orbitals in a straight line between the bonding atoms.

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2
Q

What is a pi bond?

A

A second C-C bond formed by the sideways overlap of two p orbitals above and below the plane of the existing sigma bond to create a second shared electron pair.

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3
Q

Describe a C=C double bond

A

A non-rotational bond formed when a pi bond forms above and below the plane of a sigma bond to give two shared electron pairs.

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4
Q

Give the relative strengths of carbon bonds.

A

pi bond < sigma bond < double bond

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5
Q

Describe shape of a carbon atom engaged in a single C-C bond

A

Tetrahedral with a 109.5 degree bond angle, as there are no lone electron pairs.

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6
Q

Describe shape of a carbon atom engaged in a double C=C bond

A

Trigonal planar with a 120 degree bond angle, as the carbon atom is attached to 3 equally repulsive species.

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7
Q

Describe shape of a carbon atom engaged in a triple CC bond

A

Linear, with a 180 degree bond angle.

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8
Q

What is a stereo isomer?

A

A molecule with the same molecular and structural formula, but a different arrangement of atoms in space.

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9
Q

What are the conditions for E/Z isomerism?

A

Each carbon in part of a non-rotational double bond must be attached to two different species.

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10
Q

What is an E isomer?

A

A stereo-isomer in which the major groups on the carbon atoms are on opposite sides of the molecule.

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11
Q

What is a Z isomer?

A

A stereo-isomer in which the major groups on the carbon atom are on the same side of the molecule.

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12
Q

How do you find the major group on a Carbon atom?

A

Count along the main chain of each group until you find an atom which differs. The atom with the greatest Mr is attached to the major group.

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13
Q

When does cis/ trans isomerism occur?

A

When two carbons in a non rotational double bond share one carbon group but differ on the other.

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14
Q

What is a cis isomer?

A

A molecule in which the common groups on each carbon are on the same side of the molecule

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15
Q

What is a trans isomer?

A

A molecule in which the common groups on each carbon are on opposite sides.

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16
Q

What can be observed when an alkene is is mixed with bromine water?

A

The decolourisation of bromine water from orange to colourless.

17
Q

Define an electrophile.

A

An electron deficient species which can accept a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

18
Q

What does a curly arrow represent?

A

The movement of a pair of electrons

19
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

When a bond breaks and one bonding atom takes both the bonding electrons.

20
Q

What is electrophilic addition?

A

The mechanism by which an electrophile breaks apart a double bond and is added to an organic molecule.

21
Q

Name the process of addition to alkenes

A

Electrophilic addition

22
Q

How can a hydrogen halide act as an electrophile?

A

H-X has a polar bond, so the H atom has a delta + charge, allowing it to attract electrons.

23
Q

Describe the first step of electrophilic addition between an alkene and a hydrogen halide.

A

The delta + charge on the hydrogen atom in H-X attracts the electron pair in the C=C pi bond. HX splits heterolytically, and hydrogen accepts the electron pair in the C=C bond to give a carbocation and a negatively charged halogen ion.

24
Q

What three details must be shown in the first step of an electrophilic addition mechanism?

A

Delta charges on the electrophile (eg HX)
A curly arrow from the C=C double bond to the delta + charge
A curly arrow from the H-X bond to the X atom

25
Q

Describe the second step of electrophilic addition between an alkene and a hydrogen halide.

A

The lone electron pair on the halogen atom is electrostatically attracted to the carbocation left over from the C=C double bond. They form a covalent bond together to give a complete haloalkane.

26
Q

What three three must be shown in the second step of an electrophilic addition mechanism?

A

Charges on both the halogen ion and the carbo-cation
A lone electron pair on the halogen atom
A curly arrow from the lone electron pair to the + charge on the carbocation

27
Q

How can a halogen molecule act as an electrophile?

A

Proximity to the negative charge of a C=C pi bond can induce polarity in a halogen molecule, allowing it to act as an electrophile.

28
Q

What is Markownikoff’s rule?

A

Markownikoff’s rule states that when a hydrogen halide is added to an unsymmetrical alkene, the most likely product is the one which involves the formation of the most stable carbocation- ie, the H atom adds to the carbon which already has the most H atoms attached to it.

29
Q

What is the major product in an alkene halogenation reaction.

A

The product where the H atom adds on to the carbon which already carries the most H atoms.

30
Q

What is a tertiary carbocation?

A

A C+ ion attached to three other C atoms- the most stable carbocation.

31
Q

What is a secondary carbocation?

A

A C+ ion attached to two other C atoms

32
Q

What is a primary carbocation?

A

A C+ ion attached to one C atom- the least stable carbocation.