amines

Question 1

how are amines produced

Answer 1

one of the hydrogen atoms in ammonia is replaced by an organic group

can be primary, secondary or tertiary dependant on how many are replaced

nucleophilic substitution of a haloalkane with ammonia

Question 2

how is a quaternary ammonium salt produced

Answer 2

nucleophilic substitution keeps occurring until all hydrogen atoms have been replaced with organic groups

Question 3

how to achieve only a primary amine

Answer 3

add ammonia in excess
or separate the mixture of products by fractional distillation

Question 4

what are cationic surfactants

Answer 4

complexes with a positive and negative end

Question 5

how do cationic surfactants prevent static building up on surfaces

Answer 5

the 2 ends are attracted to different substances

Question 6

are amines strong or weak bases and why

Answer 6

weak bases
lone pair on nitrogen can accept protons so electron pair is unavailable

(base strength depends on how available the electron pair is on the molecule)

Question 7

what is the inductive effect

Answer 7

in an organic molecule different functional groups can affect how available a lone electron pair is by changing electron density around the bond

Question 8

what effect do benzene rings have on the electron density in the nitrogen

Answer 8

draws electron density away from the nitrogen making it less available

Question 9

what effect do alkyl groups (methyl, ethyl etc….) have on electron density on the nitrogen

Answer 9

they push electron density towards the nitrogen making it more available

more alkyl groups mean more pushing

Question 10

what are stronger bases aliphatic (not benzene) or aromatic (benzene) amines ?
and why

Answer 10

aliphatic
alkyl groups push electron density so nitrogen is more available

Question 11

what is an N substituted amide

Answer 11

one of the hydrogens on the nitrogen has been substituted by a hydrocarbon group