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history > america 1919-1948 > Flashcards

america 1919-1948 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is laissez-faire?

A

little to no involvement of the government in the economy

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2
Q

what does rugged individualism mean?

A

everyone being self-reliant, not depending on imports

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3
Q

what were the republican policies?

A
  • laissez-faire
  • powerful trusts
  • low taxation - people get to keep more of their money and spend it
  • protective tariffs - tariffs on overseas goods to encourage people to buy local american goods instead
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4
Q

why didn’t famers benefit from the 1920s economic boom?

A
  • less overseas sales, less profit
  • overproduction hence more more wasted product
  • fall of prices of produce
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5
Q

why didn’t the unemployed benefit from the 1920s economic boom?

A
  • lack of help from the gov
  • machinery replaced many workers
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6
Q

why didn’t traditional industries benefit from the 1920s economic boom?

A
  • lower pay because their industries became less relevant
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7
Q

what caused the 1920s economic boom?

A

technological progress → mass production of goods → availability of cheap credit and employment → increase in consumerism

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8
Q

how did WW1 boost the economy?

A
  • increased weapon production
  • stimulated the aviation industry
  • benefitted from giving loans to devastated countries
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9
Q

how did motor industries boost the economy?

A
  • production line of motor t revolutionised car production
  • exploitation of natural resources by large companies: rockefeller, carnegie, mellon
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10
Q

how did mass consumerism boost the economy?

A
  • items were mass produced so they were more affordable
  • people were more confident in the economy so more eager to spend money and buy luxurious goods
  • nationwide advertising encouraged people to spend
  • people invested in the stock market hoping for returns
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11
Q

how did chain stores and credit boost the economy?

A
  • people could easily borrow goods
  • buy now, pay later scheme
  • new type of stores that sold the same things all over the country
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12
Q

what is suffrage?

A

the right to vote

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13
Q

who were the suffragists?

A

those who campaigned for the right to vote

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14
Q

what was the shepard towner act and when did it happen?

A
  • 1921
  • 2.6 million for health and maternal care; 3000 maternal centres
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15
Q

what were the advantages for women in 1920s society?

A
  • more money, more freedom and we’re targeted by advertisers
  • gained the right to vote in 1920
  • more employment opportunities after WW1
  • political empowerment: eleanor roosevelt
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16
Q

what were the disadvantages for women in 1920s society?

A
  • pay gap still existed
  • a lack of employment opportunities compared to men
  • strong disapproval of women who didn’t follow suggested traditional values
  • female candidates were seen as unelectable and didn’t have access to political power
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17
Q

what was prohibition?

A

the ban on the sale and production of alcohol from 1920-1933

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18
Q

what was the volstead act and when was it enforced?

A
  • 1919/20
  • enforced alchol prohibition
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19
Q

what were the advantages of prohibition?

A
  • officers were more effective in enforcing rules
  • rural areas supported prohibition
  • alcohol consumption fell rapidly
  • people made a lot of money from bootlegging (smuggling alcohol)
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20
Q

what were the disadvantages of prohibition?

A
  • ordinary people who visited speakeasies became criminals
  • prohibition was difficult to enforce in the city
  • bootlegging and sale of ‘moonshine’ increased
  • officials became corrupt
  • rich people thought that prohibition didn’t apply to them
  • gangsters became more common as they smuggled alcohol
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21
Q

who was al capone?

A

high profile gangster in chicago that smuggled alcohol and made 60M a year

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22
Q

what happened at the st.valentine’s day massacre and when did it happen?

A
  • 1929
  • mass killing of members of a rival gang
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23
Q

why was alcohol reintroduced?

A

reintroduced due to the depression and the 1929 wall street crash so that new jobs would be created

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24
Q

how did christian beliefs cause prohibition?

A

alcohol was seen as ungodly and people from the christian temperance union wanted to protect family welfare, less irresponsible parents

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25
Q

how did patriotism cause prohibition?

A
  • people who drank were seen as cowardly
  • at the time germany was leading in the beer industry and americans didn’t want to support that - threat of communism
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26
Q

what was the first red scare?

A

racist attitudes and the fear of communism: people were afraid that russians and eastern europeans would bring about radical communism

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27
Q

what did the first red scare lead to?

A

in the 1920s many people who were suspected communists were deported with very little evidence

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28
Q

what were the palmer raids and when did they happen?

A
  • 1919
  • anarchists conducted bomb raids in many cities and nearly killed attorney general palmer
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29
Q

who were sacco and vanzetti and when did this take place?

A
  • 1920
  • two italian immigrants were arrested for armed robbery and murder and were executed in 1927 despite there being very flimsy evidence
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30
Q

what was the national origins act and when was it established?

A

severely restricted immigration due to a quota system. the total number of people immigrating were limited and asians were not at all allowed

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31
Q

what were the jim crow laws?

A

legalised segregation of poc and white minorities

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32
Q

what were the impacts of the jim crow laws?

A
  • african americans were restricted from jobs, voting and education
  • lynching cases increased - there were thousands in southern states in the 1920s
  • extreme violence and discrimination urged many to move to the more accepting northern states
33
Q

who were the klu klux klan?

A
  • group that believes in white supremacy and had a lot of political power in the 1910s
  • discriminated against african americans with extreme violence
34
Q

what were two organisations that helped african americans in the US?

A
  • NAACP - national association for the advancement of coloured people
  • UNIA
35
Q

what did the NAACP do?

A

campaigned for desegregation and equality

36
Q

what did the UNIA do and when?

A

encouraged african americans to take pride in their heritage and gave them money to help start up businesses

37
Q

what happened in the wall street crash?

A

people began panic selling their stocks so they dramatically reduced in value → people lost a lot of money → loss of loans, houses, businesses

38
Q

what was the impact of the wall street crash?

A
  • 659 banks closed in 1929, further 1352 in 1930
  • 14 mil unemployed by 1933
  • wages 1928-33 fell by 60%
39
Q

how did the depression affect the countryside?

A
  • farmers suffered further losses and many went bankrupt
  • had to leave their farms and homes
  • overfarming and malnutrition
  • lots of unemployment
40
Q

how did the depression affect cities?

A
  • rapid rise in unemployment
  • people forced out of their homes
  • hoovervilles increased
41
Q

what was the revue act 1932?

A

biggest peacetime tax increase - taxes paid by the top 1% were doubled

42
Q

what was the garner-wagner act?

A

it would have provided 2.1 mil for new jobs but was blocked by hoover

43
Q

what did hoover do to try and save the economy?

A
  • tried to restart the economy with tax cuts and asking business to heighten wages
  • set up the reconstruction finance company
  • invested in public works: hoover dam and colorado river
  • revue act 1932
44
Q

what did hoover fail to do to save the economy?

A
  • refused to accept that there was a major financial crisis until 1932
  • returned to the laissez faire policy
  • blocked the garner wagner act
45
Q

how did herbert hoover’s failure become an opportunity for roosevelt?

A
  • roosevelt was a democrat who promised to spend money to help the poor, invest in gov schemes and consult businesses
  • promised a new deal to improve the economy
46
Q

what did roosevelt promise to do for the american people?

A
  • protect savings and property
  • provide relief for the old, sick and unemployed
  • restart the industry and agriculture
47
Q

what did FDR do in his first 100 days?

A
  • close all banks and reopen the trustworthy ones
  • introduce the emergency banking act and securities exchange commission
  • organise the alphabet agencies
48
Q

when was the first new deal and which of the alphabet acts were established during the first new deal?

A

first new deal: (1933-1934)
- FERA
- CCC
- NRA
- PWA
- AAA
- TVA

49
Q

what was the FERA?

A

federal emergency relief aid - helped states to provide aid for the poor and unemployed

50
Q

what was the CCC?

A

civilian conservation corps - program that hired unemployed men to do public works jobs

51
Q

what was the NRA?

A

national recovery act - used gov money to build new infrastructure, which provided jobs

52
Q

what was the PWA?

A

public works association - used gov money to build new infrastructure, which provided jobs

53
Q

what was the AAA?

A

agricultural adjustment administration - set quotas to reduce production and therefore stabilise food prices

54
Q

what was the TVA?

A

tennessee valley authority - building a dam in tennessee valley which would create jobs and improve farming land

55
Q

what were the advantages of the first new deal?

A
  • improved confidence in the gov and economy
  • stabilised banks and created millions of jobs
  • women were placed in prominent roles
  • some african americans gained work
  • improved the standard of living
  • slums were cleared
56
Q

what were the disadvantages of the first new deal?

A
  • undermined the local gov
  • trade unions were still met with violence
  • big businesses remained powerful
  • didn’t deal with underlying economic issues
  • women and poc were still at a major disadvantage
  • fdr was accused of being anti american
57
Q

when did the second new deal take place and why?

A
  • 1936
  • in reponse to criticism (particularly that of huey long)
58
Q

which acts were instated during the second new deal?

A

revenue tax act 1936

  • wagner act
  • social security act
  • WPA:
  • RA
  • FSA
  • indian reorganisation act 1939
59
Q

what was the revenue tax act and when did it happen?

A

1936 - 79% tax on incomes over 5 mil

60
Q

what was the wagner act?

A

allowed the formation of trade unions

61
Q

what was the social security act?

A
  • gave pensions to the elderly, provided gov aid and insurance
62
Q

what was the WPA?

A

works progress administration - organised agencies from the first new deal that helped people get jobs

63
Q

what was the RA and FSA?

A

RA: resettlement association - provided monetary loans to small farmers to buy land

FSA: farm security administration - the second version of the resettlement administration

64
Q

what was the indian reorganisation act and when did it happen?

A

1939 - allowed indigenous people buy land

65
Q

how did the war boost the economy?

A
  • improved production levels
  • from 1941-45 250,000 aircrafts, 90,000 tanks, 350 destroyers and 300 submarines were made
  • US made 50% of the worlds weapons and other essentials
  • directly benefitted other industries supplying them too
  • encouraged new businesses and further employment
  • benefitted from the increased demand for food in europe
66
Q

how did the war boost morale?

A
  • people were enthusiastic to help with the war effort especially rationing
  • people purchased war bonds
  • anti-nazi and pro-american ( plus hollywood) propaganda helped the gov gain suppprt
  • wartime economy was controlled and gov spending doubled
67
Q

what was employment like during the war?

A
  • 75000 african americans found work in war industries and the armed forces
  • 16 mil employed in the armed forces; 14 mil in factories
  • people moved to the north of the country for work
  • unions agreed not to strike in return for better working conditions
  • additional 7.5 mil women in the workforce
68
Q

what did howard zinn say about the overall war experience?

A
  • author of ‘a people’s history of the united states’
  • questioned the enthusiastic response to the wartime experience
  • strikes took place even though they weren’t meant to, wages were frozen and workers were frustrated
69
Q

what are conscientious objectors?

A

those who refused to fight because they were against the idea of war

70
Q

what was the espionage act and when was it introduced?

A

1917: against talk that would encourage refusal to fight

71
Q

what was the smith act and when was it introduced?

A

1940: made it illegal to encourage people to refuse to fight

72
Q

what discrimination did african american soldiers face?

A
  • they were only allowed in segregated units
  • only allowed in combat in 1944; were labour workers until then
  • discrimination was the worst in the navy as african american soldiers were designated the most dangerous jobs
73
Q

how did the gov try to combat discrimination

A
  • president eisenhower supported integrated units in 1941
  • 1948 executive order 9981 which ordered the navy to end all discrimination
  • 1963 order 5120 passed by robert mcnamara which banned segregation in military accommodation
74
Q

what were the good wartime experiences for african americans?

A
  • 400,000 americans migrated to the north where there was employment and wages doubled to $1000
  • the war sowed the seeds for the success of the civil rights movement
75
Q

what were the bad wartime experiences of african americans?

A
  • african americans faced lots of prejudice and discrimination and earned half of what their white colleagues did
  • many white workers walked out when they saw that african american workers were getting promoted
76
Q

what was executive order 8802?

A

1941 - told employers that any business in the war effort had to end all forms of discrimination in the workplace

77
Q

what were the detroit race riots?

A

increased racial tensions; riots also took place in 47 other cities

78
Q

why were japanese americans interned? and what were their experiences?

A
  • due to the attack on pearl harbour there was a strong anti japanese attitude
  • 120,000 japanese americans were interned in remote camps
  • the discrimination made no distinction between issei and nisei
  • it was clear that this was a racist policy rather than one regarding the security of the country
  • however japanese americans remained patriotic and 33,000 signed up to fight in 1943
79
Q

what was the civil liberties act?

A

1988: reparations were paid to those who were interned (ronald reagan)

history (30 decks)

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