5.2) scotland c1688 - 1730

Question 1

who were the highlanders

Answer 1

• native, gaelic-speaking people who lived in clans in the northern mountains
• supported james vii

Question 2

who were the lowlanders?

Answer 2

• english-speaking and those who controlled the scottish parliament in edinburgh
• protestant
• looked down on the highlanders
• supported william of orange

Question 3

reasons for scots to support james vii

Answer 3

• he was a stuart so he was part of the ancient scottish royal family
• he was still king according to the law
• scotland had not been consulted about the invitation to become king to william of orange

Question 4

reasons for scots to support william of orange

Answer 4

• he was protestant like most scots and james’ attempt for scotland to be catholic was unpopukar
• ruling jointly with his wife mary (james’ daughter) who was part of the scottish royal family

Question 5

what happened during massacre at glencoe and when did it take place?

Answer 5

• 1692
• a group of highlanders were murdered and their homes were burnt down
• they were killed by scottish soldiers acting on king william’s behalf

Question 6

what caused the massacre at glencoe?

Answer 6

• the highlanders were a day late in pledging allegiance to william (which would pardon them)
• they were told that they would be safe but were mistaken
• scottish parliament condemned the actions and the london government tried to cover up who was responsible
• william was forced to order an inquiry but no one was punished

Question 7

why did scotland face economic ruin?

Answer 7

• THE NAVIGATION ACT (1651): prevented scottish ships from being involved in trade with england and its colonies overseas
• the EIC and RAC were granted monopolies iof trade in goods and enslaved peoples with india and africa: to which scotland had no access to
• england’s involvement in the war meant that much of europe was cut off to scotland
• harvests failed during the 1690s and there were severe famines
• many of the population died or emigrated

Question 8

what was the darien scheme?

Answer 8

• william paterson proposed the formation of a british colony in central america.
• the idea was that the settlement could control trade between the continents and oceans
• paterson helped set up the bank of scotland and lots of scottish commoners invested their wealth
• it sailed in 1698 and lasted only a year

Question 8

why did the darien scheme fail?

Answer 8

• mistakes were made by the settlers: poor supplies, lack of skill, lack of fresh water, failed negotiations with local residents and the spanish still regarded that area to be part of their empire
• severe weather conditions, rapid spread of disease and difficulty in transporting goods
• undermining from england: there was much opposition from the king as he stopped all english ships and colonies from tading with the settlers, the EIC and withdrawal of support by english directors and asking dutch investors to stop selling ships to the company

Question 8

what was the act of union and when did it take place?

Answer 8

• 1707
• the english parliament wanted 1) scotland to accept the 1701 act of settlement which stated that german hanoverians would succeed the last stuart monarch and 2) the greater union (formation of GB)
• by agreeing to this, they were also made to shut down the scottish parliament

Question 9

arguments for the union with england

Answer 9

• scottish MPs would gain high positions in the english parliament
• a threat of english invasion if they didn’t agree
• greater security and protection from enemies
• guaranteed protestant rule
• free trade and an improved economy
• scotland would be able to keep their churches and institutions
• would pay off the debt of the darien scheme

Question 10

arguments against union with england

Answer 10

• most scottish people were against the union
• loss of scottish identity and independence; domination of england
• rule by foreigners
• increased taxation
• ban of scottish exports to scotland

Question 10

arguments against union with england

Answer 10

• most scottish people were against the union
• loss of scottish identity and independence; domination of england
• rule by foreigners
• increased taxation
• ban of scottish exports to scotland

Question 11

impacts on scotland of the AOU: military control

Answer 11

• firm reaction after the 1715 uprising
• DISARMING ACT (1716) made it illegal for highlanders to own weapons
• england kept a standing army in the north of scotland
• CRUISER AND CONVOY ACT (1708) - enabled protection of scotland by the royal navy

Question 12

impacts on scotland of the AOU: political advancement

Answer 12

• new career opportunities for leading scottish politicians and the wealthy
• no scottish parliament meant a greater division between the politicians and the ordinary scottish people
• some (highlanders) felt that they were being ruled by a higher power

Question 13

impacts on scotland of the AOU: economic benefits

Answer 13

• those who lost money in the darien scheme were paid back with interest
• by the 1730s scotland’s economy was starting to boom largely due to exploitation of the british empire
• flemish weavers helped the economy thrive and glasgow became a major international port

Question 14

impacts on scotland of the AOU: economic problems

Answer 14

• after 1710 taxes and custom duties were heavily increased
• scottish industry couldn’t compete with england and much of scotland’s capital wealth was moved to london

Question 15

impacts on scotland of the AOU: social change

Answer 15

• regular protests against the union
• 1724 levellers ‘fence smashing’ movement was a response to landlord’s who were enclosing their land for sheep farming, evicting their poor tenants who became homeless and unemployed

Question 16

who was the old pretender?

Answer 16

james’ son (james edward stuart) - seen as the rightful monarch to the throne

Question 17

why was there conflict between the williamites and the jacobites?

Answer 17

• 1603 elizabeth I died without children, leaving the monarchy without a heir
• her nearest relative became king or scotland, england and ireland, meaning that scotland and england were ruled by the same heir despite them having two separate parliaments - UNION OF CROWNS
• 1688, people became divided when james vii was forced to give up the throne to william of orange
• both asked for backing from parliament

Question 18

who did the scottish parliament back and why?

Answer 18

• backed william in 1689 in a ‘claim of rights’ that blamed james for the troubles and said that no catholic could ever be king again

Question 19

what was the 1701 act of settlement?

Answer 19

established that german hanoverians would eventually succeed to the english throne

Question 20

what was the act of security?

Answer 20

asserted that scotland should be able to independently choose who ruled over them

Question 21

what was the 1703 act of anent peace and war?

Answer 21

said that only the scottish parliament, not the monarch, could declare war on an enemy nation

Question 22

what was the 1705 english aliens act?

Answer 22

threatened to punish scotland economically with a ban on exports to england - treating all scots as aliens - if they did not accept the hanoverian succession

Question 22

what was the 1705 english aliens act?

Answer 22

threatened to punish scotland economically with a ban on exports to england - treating all scots as aliens - if they did not accept the hanoverian succession

Question 23

1715 rebellion

Answer 23

• earl of mar organised an uprising on james vii’s behalf with the promise that he would be king and the scottish parliament would be restored
• 10000 infantry and cavalry
• supported by highlanders and some lowland lords
• resulted in both of them being forced to leave

Answer 24

-