5.2) scotland c1688 - 1730 Flashcards
who were the highlanders
- native, gaelic-speaking people who lived in clans in the northern mountains
- supported james vii
who were the lowlanders?
- english-speaking and those who controlled the scottish parliament in edinburgh
- protestant
- looked down on the highlanders
- supported william of orange
reasons for scots to support james vii
- he was a stuart so he was part of the ancient scottish royal family
- he was still king according to the law
- scotland had not been consulted about the invitation to become king to william of orange
reasons for scots to support william of orange
- he was protestant like most scots and james’ attempt for scotland to be catholic was unpopukar
- ruling jointly with his wife mary (james’ daughter) who was part of the scottish royal family
what happened during massacre at glencoe and when did it take place?
- 1692
- a group of highlanders were murdered and their homes were burnt down
- they were killed by scottish soldiers acting on king william’s behalf
what caused the massacre at glencoe?
- the highlanders were a day late in pledging allegiance to william (which would pardon them)
- they were told that they would be safe but were mistaken
- scottish parliament condemned the actions and the london government tried to cover up who was responsible
- william was forced to order an inquiry but no one was punished
why did scotland face economic ruin?
- THE NAVIGATION ACT (1651): prevented scottish ships from being involved in trade with england and its colonies overseas
- the EIC and RAC were granted monopolies iof trade in goods and enslaved peoples with india and africa: to which scotland had no access to
- england’s involvement in the war meant that much of europe was cut off to scotland
- harvests failed during the 1690s and there were severe famines
- many of the population died or emigrated
what was the darien scheme?
- william paterson proposed the formation of a british colony in central america.
- the idea was that the settlement could control trade between the continents and oceans
- paterson helped set up the bank of scotland and lots of scottish commoners invested their wealth
- it sailed in 1698 and lasted only a year
why did the darien scheme fail?
- mistakes were made by the settlers: poor supplies, lack of skill, lack of fresh water, failed negotiations with local residents and the spanish still regarded that area to be part of their empire
- severe weather conditions, rapid spread of disease and difficulty in transporting goods
- undermining from england: there was much opposition from the king as he stopped all english ships and colonies from tading with the settlers, the EIC and withdrawal of support by english directors and asking dutch investors to stop selling ships to the company
what was the act of union and when did it take place?
- 1707
- the english parliament wanted 1) scotland to accept the 1701 act of settlement which stated that german hanoverians would succeed the last stuart monarch and 2) the greater union (formation of GB)
- by agreeing to this, they were also made to shut down the scottish parliament
arguments for the union with england
- scottish MPs would gain high positions in the english parliament
- a threat of english invasion if they didn’t agree
- greater security and protection from enemies
- guaranteed protestant rule
- free trade and an improved economy
- scotland would be able to keep their churches and institutions
- would pay off the debt of the darien scheme
arguments against union with england
- most scottish people were against the union
- loss of scottish identity and independence; domination of england
- rule by foreigners
- increased taxation
- ban of scottish exports to scotland
arguments against union with england
- most scottish people were against the union
- loss of scottish identity and independence; domination of england
- rule by foreigners
- increased taxation
- ban of scottish exports to scotland
impacts on scotland of the AOU: military control
- firm reaction after the 1715 uprising
- DISARMING ACT (1716) made it illegal for highlanders to own weapons
- england kept a standing army in the north of scotland
- CRUISER AND CONVOY ACT (1708) - enabled protection of scotland by the royal navy
impacts on scotland of the AOU: political advancement
- new career opportunities for leading scottish politicians and the wealthy
- no scottish parliament meant a greater division between the politicians and the ordinary scottish people
- some (highlanders) felt that they were being ruled by a higher power
impacts on scotland of the AOU: economic benefits
- those who lost money in the darien scheme were paid back with interest
- by the 1730s scotland’s economy was starting to boom largely due to exploitation of the british empire
- flemish weavers helped the economy thrive and glasgow became a major international port
impacts on scotland of the AOU: economic problems
- after 1710 taxes and custom duties were heavily increased
- scottish industry couldn’t compete with england and much of scotland’s capital wealth was moved to london
impacts on scotland of the AOU: social change
- regular protests against the union
- 1724 levellers ‘fence smashing’ movement was a response to landlord’s who were enclosing their land for sheep farming, evicting their poor tenants who became homeless and unemployed
who was the old pretender?
james’ son (james edward stuart) - seen as the rightful monarch to the throne
why was there conflict between the williamites and the jacobites?
- 1603 elizabeth I died without children, leaving the monarchy without a heir
- her nearest relative became king or scotland, england and ireland, meaning that scotland and england were ruled by the same heir despite them having two separate parliaments - UNION OF CROWNS
- 1688, people became divided when james vii was forced to give up the throne to william of orange
- both asked for backing from parliament
who did the scottish parliament back and why?
- backed william in 1689 in a ‘claim of rights’ that blamed james for the troubles and said that no catholic could ever be king again
what was the 1701 act of settlement?
established that german hanoverians would eventually succeed to the english throne
what was the act of security?
asserted that scotland should be able to independently choose who ruled over them
what was the 1703 act of anent peace and war?
said that only the scottish parliament, not the monarch, could declare war on an enemy nation
what was the 1705 english aliens act?
threatened to punish scotland economically with a ban on exports to england - treating all scots as aliens - if they did not accept the hanoverian succession
what was the 1705 english aliens act?
threatened to punish scotland economically with a ban on exports to england - treating all scots as aliens - if they did not accept the hanoverian succession
1715 rebellion
- earl of mar organised an uprising on james vii’s behalf with the promise that he would be king and the scottish parliament would be restored
- 10000 infantry and cavalry
- supported by highlanders and some lowland lords
- resulted in both of them being forced to leave
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