Amazon rainforest - factors affecting

Question 1

Physical factor geology affeting store of carbon

Answer 1

dominated by ancient igneous rocks
In western parts of the basin close to Andes outcrops of limestone - act as a regional carbon store in the slow carbon system

Question 2

Physical factors affecting the carbon cycle vegetation affecting stores

Answer 2

• 100 billion tonnes of carbon locked up in the rainforest
• 60% of carbon is stored in above ground biomass of tree stems and branches

Question 3

Physical factors affecting the carbon cycle: Vegetation - flows

Answer 3

^temp, ^ rain,^ sunlight → increases flows ie photosynthesis and decomposition

Question 4

Physical factors affecting the water cycle: Geology (stores)

Answer 4

• impermeable catchment have minimal water storage capacity resulting in increase runoff
• Permeable rocks limestone and sandstone store water - slow down runoff

Question 5

Physical factors affecting the water cycle: Relief

stores

Answer 5

• West Andes create steep catchments with rapid runoff
• Due to ^ flow of water across extensive floodplains stores water for several months (slows movement)

Question 6

Physical factors affecting the water cycle: Relief (flows)

Answer 6

: Has a extensive amount of lowlands with gentle relief water moves overland flow or through flow through soil to streams

Question 7

Deforestation effects on stores

Answer 7

• Reduces inputs of organic material to soils - become depleted of carbon and therefore unable to support dead organisms
• Deforestation reduces main nutrient store of calcium potassium → causes for roots washed out of soils and this causes for protective cover of trees eroded by runoff

Question 8

defforestation effects on carbon fluxes

Answer 8

• Soil unable to support dead organisms - reduces soil to atmosphere

Question 9

Impact of human activity on the carbon cycle: Farming (stores and flows)

Answer 9

Stores:* Less CO2 being absorbed as trees removed

Fluxes:
* Soil unable to support dead organisms - reduces soil to atmosphere
* Photosynthesis reduces
* Respiration reduces

Question 10

deforestation local level affecting water cyle

Answer 10

• madeira river basin
  Caused floods in 2014 60 ppl died
  Clearing for farming and cattle ranching

Question 11

deforestation local level affecting water cyle - stores

Answer 11

forest trees /soils(been eroded) /Permeable rocks (due to rapid runoff)/ atmosphere
* ^ absorption sun energy - reducing storage

Question 12

Impact of human activity on the water cycle: Deforestation (local) - madeira river basin (flows)

Answer 12

fewer trees less evapotranspiration and less precipitation / instability in forest albedo
* Run off speeds increased ^ flood risk
* Reduces cloud formation

Question 13

Impact of human activity on the water cycle: Deforestation (regional) - stores and flows

Answer 13

Stores: forests downwind of degradation sights are effected

Flows: 20% decline in regional rainfall as forest dries out

Question 14

Afforestation - what was the project called

Answer 14

parica project

Question 15

parica project

Answer 15

• aims to develop 1000km2 of commercial timber plantation on deforested land
• Plant 4000 quick growing seeds for 25 years
• Isolates the carbon in the trees
  Reduces co2 emissions from deforestation
  reduce s runoff and loss of carbon

Scheme of providing payment to tribe to protect rainforest by abandoning logging

Question 16

Agricultural techniques - rotational cropping

Answer 16

Diversification - soil fertility can be retained by rotational cropping and combining live stock and arable operations

Question 17

Agricultural techniques - integration of livestock

Answer 17

Integrating of crops and livestock would allow for a five fold increase in ranching productivity + slow the rates of deforestation

Question 18

Management strategy: Agricultural techniques (arable operations)

Answer 18

Human engineered soils made from inputs of charcoal and human waste

• Charcoal attracts microorganisms and fungi - allow soil to retain fertility long term
• Allow for permanent cultivation reducing deforestation and thus carbon emissions