Alternative Assignment

Question 1

Lipids

Answer 1

a diverse group of chemicals that are classified together because they do not dissolve in water

Question 2

Carbohydrates

Answer 2

polymers that consist of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 3

Proteins

Answer 3

polymers that consist of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, they are apart of almost all processes going on . inside your body

Question 4

Nucleic Acids

Answer 4

polymers formed by linking together nucleotides

Question 5

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 5

an important molecule that is used by cells for energy storage

Question 6

Lipoproteins

Answer 6

any group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma.

Question 7

Glycoproteins

Answer 7

proteins which contain oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to amino acid side-chains

Question 8

Enzymes

Answer 8

a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

Question 9

Complimentary base pairs (in DNA)

Answer 9

phenomenon where in DNA guanine always hydrogen bonds to cytosine and adenine always binds to thymine.

Question 10

Double helix (in regards to DNA)

Answer 10

the appearance of double-stranded DNA, which is composed of two linear strands that run opposite to each other, or anti-parallel, and twist together

Question 11

Nucleus

Answer 11

a membrane bound structure that consists most of the cell’s DNA located the center of a cell

Question 12

Ribosome

Answer 12

a complex molecule that makes proteins and serves as the site of biological protein synthesis. Functioning ribosomes are found in two locations in the cell. Free ribosomes are simply suspended in the cytoplasm where they manufacture proteins that function within the cytoplasm while bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope

Question 13

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 13

a membranous organelle found in most eukaryotic cells found near the rough ER which is surrounding the nucleus and its function is to synthesize lipids and detoxifies molecules

Question 14

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 14

an organelle found in eukaryotic cells surrounding the nucleus and its function is to modify proteins that will be shipped elsewhere in the organism

Question 15

Golgi apparatus

Answer 15

a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells which finishes, sorts, and ships cell products

Question 16

Vacuole

Answer 16

membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell that stores nutrients, degrades waste products, provides pigments and structural support

Question 17

Lysosome

Answer 17

membranous sacs found in the cytosol of the cytoplasm of an eukaryotic cell containing about 50 different digestive enzymes in acidic environment. They deliver digestive enzymes to food vacuoles, release the enzymes into the vacuoles where they break down the food into useable components and fuse with vesicles containing damaged cell parts that are then broken down for recycling

Question 18

Chloroplast

Answer 18

the organelle in prokaryotic cells which photosynthesis takes place found …..

Question 19

Cytoskeleton

Answer 19

a network of protein fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm which provides a base of support for structures that move the cell through its ecosystem

Question 20

Plasmid (in prokaryotes)

Answer 20

small rings of double-stranded extra-chromosomal (“outside the chromosome”) DNA and carry a small number of non-essential genes and are copied independently of the chromosome inside the cell. They can be transferred to other prokaryotes in a population, sometimes spreading genes that are beneficial to survival. They are located in the cytoplasm

Question 21

Carbon is at the center of organic molecules. Carbon can form both single carbon-carbon bonds and double carbon-carbon bonds. (a) What do double carbon-carbon bonds add to a
carbon skeleton?

Answer 21

a) the chains made up of C-C bonds form what are called carbon skeletons.

Question 22

Carbon is at the center of organic molecules. Carbon can form both single carbon-carbon bonds and double carbon-carbon bonds. (b) Carbon skeletons come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Describe the different shapes that carbon skeletons can take.

Answer 22

b) straight, branched, ring-shaped, or any combination of the three

Question 23

Lipids are not polymers. Lipids are essentially hydrocarbons. (a) How do lipids interact with
water?

Answer 23

a) they do not dissolve in water

Question 24

Lipids are not polymers. Lipids are essentially hydrocarbons. (b) Describe the “dual personality” of a phospholipid.

Answer 24

b) a phospholipid is both hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads so therefore it has a duel personality

Question 25

Lipids are not polymers. Lipids are essentially hydrocarbons. (c) Why are phospholipids the main constituent of a plasma membrane (aka phospholipid bilayer)?

Answer 25

c) the water-loving/water-hating aspect of the phospholipid bilayer it naturally forms a sphere so that the hydrophobic fatty acid tails are not exposed to water. This system forms a functional barrier between the inside and outside of the cell and allows the plasma membrane to serve its “gate keeping” function allowing only certain molecules into or out of the cell

Question 26

Describe the anatomy of an amino acid. Include in your answer the significance of the variable group.

Answer 26

a) the anatomy of an amino acid is built up of three parts: the amino group, the carboxyl group, and the variable group b) the variable group is important because it determines an amino acid’s chemical properties

Question 27

(a) Compare and contrast the structure of a DNA molecule vs. an RNA molecule.

Answer 27

a) a strand of DNA is famously in the shape of a double helix – like a twisted rope ladder, while a strand of RNA looks like one half of the DNA ladder with the sugar-phosphate group back bone making up the one rope and the nitrogenous base protruding perpendicular from the plane of the rope

Question 28

(b) List the

names of the four RNA nucleotides.

Answer 28

b) adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine

Question 29

What are five key functions of the plasma membrane (aka cell membrane)?

Answer 29

1. Surround and contain the cell
2. Take in nutrients and dispose of waste
3. Take in water and export biologically import molecules
4. Take in O2 and get rid of CO2
5. Propagate electrical signal down the length of nerve cells