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Bio 111 > #6 Take Home Exam > Flashcards

#6 Take Home Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chromatin

A

When a chromosome is in its diffuse form, the DNA/histone complex is called a chromatin

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2
Q

Chromosome

A

A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

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3
Q

Binary fusion

A

Asexual reproduction of singled celled organisms results in two genetically identical offspring

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4
Q

Kinetochore

A

A complex of proteins associated with the centromere of a chromosome during cell division, to which the microtubules of the spindle attach

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5
Q

Centrioles

A

The centrioleshelp intheformation ofthespindle fibers that separatethechromosomes during cell division (mitosis)

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6
Q

Spindle fibers

in regards to cell division

A

They form a protein structure that divides the genetic material in acell. Thespindleis necessary to equallydividethe chromosomes in a parentalcellinto two daughtercellsduring both types of nucleardivision:mitosisand meiosis

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7
Q

Diploid cell

A

Any cell with paired sets of homologous chromosomes

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8
Q

Homologous pair

in regards chromosomes

A

Two chromosomes composing a pair, because they share the same gene locations along their length

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9
Q

Haploid cell

A

Any cell with only one of each chromosome type

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10
Q

Gamete

A

A mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote

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11
Q

(DNA) What is euchromatin?

A

Euchromatin is a lightly packed form of chromatin that is enriched in genes, and is often under active transcription

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12
Q

(DNA) What is heterochromatin?

A

chromosome material of different density from normal (usually greater), in which the activity of the genes is modified or suppressed

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13
Q

(DNA) What are histone proteins and what is a nucleosome?

A

highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes

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14
Q

(DNA) What is a gene?

A

A unit of DNA that is usually located on a chromosome and that controls the development of one or more traits and is the basic unit by which genetic information is passed from parent to offspring

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15
Q

(DNA) What is an allele?

A

different versions of the same gene

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16
Q

(DNA) What are sister chromatids?

A

identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere. In other words, a sister chromatid may also be said to be ‘one-half’ of the duplicated chromosome

17
Q

(DNA) What is a centromere?

A

The region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division.Different versions of the same gene

18
Q

(interphase) describe what happens during G1

A

In G1 (first gap) : the cell grows and carries out normal functions

19
Q

(interphase) describe what happens during S

A

In S : Chromosomes are duplicated (synthesized)

20
Q

(interphase) describe what happens during G2

A

In G2 (second gap) : cell grows in final preparation for cell division

21
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis and cytokinesis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

22
Q

What is the end product of mitosis?

A

The end result of mitosis is two identical daughter cells

23
Q

What does it mean that DNA replication is semiconservative.

A

Semi-conservative replication meansthat duringDNA replication, the two strands of nucleotides separate. Hence each daughter strand has half of theDNAfrom the original strand and half newly-formedDNA

24
Q

What is the end product of mitosis in regards to number of daughter cells and their
genetics?

A

The result of mitosis is two identical daughter cells, genetically identical to the original cell, all having 2N chromosomes

25
Q

What is the end product of meiosis in regards to number of daughter cells and their
genetics?

A

Meiosis produces four, genetically unique, haploid gametes in diploid organisms

26
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells, overlaps with the final stages of mitosis.
In animal cells, the pinch crease is known as the cleavage furrow.

Bio 111 (10 decks)

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