#3 Take Home Exam Flashcards
Hydrophobic
molecules and surfaces repel water
Hydrophilic
having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water
Organic chemistry
the study of structure, properties, composition, reactions and preparation of organic compounds
Monosaccharide
the simplest form of sugar and the most basic units of carbohydrates and are made up of one sugar monomer and contain from 3-7 atoms
Amino acid
organic compounds that contain amine and carboxyl functional groups, along with a side chain specific to each amino acid.
Nucleotide
any of a group of molecules that, when linked together, form the building blocks of DNA or RNA: composed of a phosphate group, the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, and a pentose sugar, in RNA the thymine base being replaced by uracil
Phospholipid
molecules with hydrophilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic lipid tails. They are the critical component of the cell plasma membrane, they regulate certain cellular processes, and possess both stabilizing and dynamic qualities that can aid in drug delivery.
Polymer
organic compounds compounds composed of long chains of repeated molecular subunits (monomers) and are extremely important building blocks of life
Dehydration reaction (in regards to polymers)
adds a monomer to a growing polymer
it removes a water molecule, forming a new bond
Hydrolysis
the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water
Lipids (or fats) are essentially hydrocarbons. a) How does that fact relate to the use of lipids as energy storage molecules?
a) Hydrocarbons are a type of organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. They combust easily and produce a lot of heat energy which we put to a variety of uses
Lipids (or fats) are essentially hydrocarbons. b) How does that fact relate to how lipids interact with water?
b) they tend to be non-polar and therefore do not dissolve in water (hydrophobic)
List the six functional groups that we discussed in class
Hydroxyl group Carbonyl group Carboxyl group Amino group Phosphate group Methyl group
Hydroxyl group - which category of macros?
carbohydrates
Carbonyl group - which category of macros?
lipids
Carboxyl group - which category of macros?
proteins
Amino group - which category of macros?
proteins
Phosphate group - which category of macros?
nucleic acids, phospholipids
Methyl group - which category of macros?
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
Compare the
molecular structure of testosterone and estrogen in regards to the functional groups associated
with them.
estrogen and testosterone differ only in the functional groups attached to the same basic carbon skeleton
What are the three monomers of carbohydrates?
glucose, fructose, and galactose
Compare and contrast the functions of cellulose, starch and glycogen.
starch and glucose both store energy.
Starch stores energy in plants while glucose stores in animals.
While cellulose is the primary component of plant cell walls
How many different amino acids are there?
22
Proteins serve a huge variety of functions in our cells and bodies. It is ultimately the three-dimensional structure of proteins that define the function of any given protein. What are the four levels of structures of proteins?
primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure
What are the three components of a DNA nucleotide?
molecule of sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
What are the names of the four
nucleotides of DNA?
Thymine,
Cytosine,
Adenine,
Guanine
What is the shape of a DNA molecule?
the DNA molecule is shaped like a ladder that is twisted into a coiled configuration called a double helix
What kind of bonds hold the
complimentary strands of DNA together (what kind of bonds hold the “rungs of the ladder”
together)?
hydrogen bonds
