Altered mental status Flashcards

1
Q

pola pikir ketika dapet pasien penurunan kesadaran

A
  1. cek ABC
  2. pasang monitor (ekg dan tanda vital) + cek glukosa
  3. apa ada reversible cause?
  4. PF: temukan defisit neurologis atau organ failure signs
  5. DD: structural vs toxic/metablic
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2
Q

DD penkes ada apa aja?

A

structural vs toxic/metabolic

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3
Q

penkes akibat structural?

A

head trauma
non - head trauma: stroke, tumor SSP,

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4
Q

penkes akibat toxic/metabolic

A

febrile vs afebrile
febrile: infeksi SSP (ME, cerebral malaria, abses SSP), metabolik (krisis tiroid, heat stroke)

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5
Q

penkes akibat toxic metabolic tanpa demam

A
  1. metabolik: gg elektrolit dan asam-basa, KAD, coma myxoedema, hypothermia
  2. intoksikasi: overdosis obat, alkohol, CO, wernicke encephalopathy
  3. organ failure: uremia, hepatic, respiratory, cardiac
  4. post ictal state
  5. psikiatri: dementia, psychogenic stupor
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6
Q

penyebab penkes yang reversible?

A
  1. hypoxemia
  2. hypercarbia
  3. hypoglicemia
  4. heat stroke
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7
Q

bagaimana manajemen penkes dengan penyebab reversible?

A
  1. hypoxemia dan hypercarbia: oksigenasi
  2. hypoglicemia: D50 1-2 flc -> lanjut D10 1-2 jam berikutnya
  3. heat stroke: normal saline IV
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8
Q

bagaimana manajemen penkes akibat struktural? (initial treatment dan px lanjutan)

A
  1. oksigen
  2. start IV
  3. CT scan kepala
  4. jaga tekanan TIK
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9
Q

bagaimana manajemen penkes akibat toxic/metabolic?

A
  1. maintaining ABC
  2. treat underlying cause (antibiotik, elektrolit replacement)
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10
Q

bagaimana cara menjaga tekanan TIK?

A
  1. head up 30 derajat
  2. controlled hyperventilation
  3. mannitol IV
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11
Q

semua pasien penkes perlu masuk ICU?

A

SEMUA pasien penkes perlu rawat inap. ICU untuk yang terintubasi atau hemodinamik tidak stabil

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12
Q

sebutkan tingkat kesadaran

A
  1. CM
  2. apatis
  3. delirium
  4. somnolen (letargi, obtudansi, hipersomnia)
  5. sopor/stupor
  6. koma
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13
Q

apa itu kesadaran apatis

A

pasien acuh tak acuh terhadap lingkungan

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14
Q

apa itu kesadaran delirum

A

penkes + kekacauan motorik + gangguan siklus bangun-tidur => gelisah, meronta-ronta

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15
Q

apa itu tingkat kesadaran somnolen

A

mengantuk yang masih dapat dipulihkan jika diberikan rangsangan

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16
Q

apa itu tingkat kesadaran stupor

A

mengantuk dalam, dapat dibangunkan dengan rangsang KUAT, namun bangun tidak sempurna + verbal tidak jelas

17
Q

patogenesis dasar penkes?

A
  1. gangguan struktural:
    - supra tentorial= menekan ARAS (thalamus-hipotalamus)
    - infra tentorial = kerusakan ARAS (batang otak)
  2. gangguan difus (metabolik)
    - hipoksia
    - hipoglikemia
    - gangguan sirkulasi
    - toxin