All research methods Flashcards
Name all questionnaire types
Questions in written form,Closed questions,open questions and ranked scale
Evaluate questionnaires in written form,Predetermined
POSITIVES - Reveal thoughts and feeling , Respondents feel more anonymous than in an interview and it is easy data collection and easily repeatable
NEGATIVES - Social desirability bias which affects validity and Sample may be bias
Evaluate closed questions - fixed number of possible answers
POSITIVES - Easy to analyse, more objective
NEGATIVES - Restricts self expression and oversimplifies real life
Evaluate open questions-provide own answers to produce qualitative data
POSITIVES - Free range for self expression and unexpected answers
NEGATIVES - Difficult to draw conclusion and Subjective interpretation of answers.
Evaluate ranked scale questions
POSITIVES - Objective way express views and easy to draw conclusions
NEGATIVES - response set and social desirability
What are the three types of interviews
Structured,semi structured and unstructured
Evaluate Structured interviews
POSITIVES - Easily repeated , Easy to analyse and can answer respondent’s
NEGATIVES - interview bias , Respondents may not reveal information face to face
Evaluate semi-structured and unstructured interviews
POSITIVES - More detailed information collected and can reveal unexpected information
NEGATIVES - more affected by interviewer bias and needs well trained interviewers
What are the two types of experiments
Lab and field
Evaluate Lab experiments
POSITIVES - High control of extraneous variable less effect from them and easy replication in the future
NEGATIVES - Terrible ecological validity and You might experience demand characteristics
Evaluate Field experiments
POSITIVES - more natural so high ecological validity and participants wont be aware of study which avoids demand characteristics
NEGATIVES - Less control of extraneous variables, More time consuming and May be ethical issues
What are the three experimental designs
Repeated measures, independent groups and matched pairs
What is repeated measures and evaluate
Each participant takes part in every condition being tested
POSITIVES - Control participant variables and fewer participants needed
NEGATIVES - Participants might guess aim and Order effects” may occur where participants become better in the second condition due to practice from the first leading to improve or biased results.
What is independent groups and evaluate it
Different participants in two or more experimental groups representing different levels of the IV
POSITIVES - Avoids order effects , Avoids aims being guessed and More participants tend to be used overall compared to repeated measures meaning the results may have more external validity to wider generalisation.
NEGATIVES - Participants variables not controlled.Individual differences could impact and skewed results and More participants are needed.
What is matched pairs and evaluate it
Participants are paired on key variables and one is placed in group A the other in group B E.g.IQ,Nationality.
POSITIVES - Helps control individual differences and it avoids order effects
NEGATIVES - It takes very long to match people , May not control all participant variables and The sample may be smaller as trying to find a large sample of people matching across similar traits may be difficult.
What are the four sampling methods
Random sampling, Stratified sampling , Volunteer sampling and opportunity sampling.
What is random sampling and evaluate it
Each person has an equal chance of selection
POSITIVES - Unbiased , can use subgroup of the population/representative
NEGATIVES - Might not be representative of the population especially if people decline taking part and It is difficult to achieve due to it taking a long time and likely money
What is stratified sampling and evaluate
Dividing the target population into specific categories..
POSITIVES - More representative population and highly generalisable
NEGATIVES - Selection of subgroups may be biased and it is a very hard process to do it takes very long and can be expensive
What is volunteer sampling and evaluate
Advertise for willing participants and whoever signs up takes part.
POSITIVES - Commited participants and easy to conduct
NEGATIVES - You could get volunteer bias and volunteers are more prone to demand characteristics
What is opportunity sampling and evaluate
It consists of taking the sample from people who are available at the time the study is carried out and fit the criteria your are looking for.
POSITIVES - convenient/quick
NEGATIVES - Could get a biased sample and if people decline Ur sampling will turn to volunteer
