Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Small A. Therio > All Lectures > Flashcards

All Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

2Brucella canis induces abortion by causing what pathology in the bitch?

A

(Placentitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the best test for canine brucellosis?

A

(Cornell multiplex test)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

(T/F) The rate of increase of progesterone in the blood of a bitch equates to the rate of maturation of her ovulated oocysts.

A

(T)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pair the following:
< 1ng/ml progesterone

A - Ovulation
B - No luteal tissue present
C - LH peak

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pair the following:
2 ng/ml progesterone

A - Ovulation
B - No luteal tissue present
C - LH peak

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pair the following:
5 ng/ml progesterone

A - Ovulation
B - No luteal tissue present
C - LH peak

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Progesterone testing should occur every other day starting on day 5-7 of a bitch’s cycle (unless they are known to ovulate early), how do you figure out what day one is?

A

(Day one is when they start having vulvar discharge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(T/F) Shipped chilled semen is equivalent to fresh semen in terms of how long it lasts in the reproductive tract of the bitch.

A

(T)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the natural breeding method.

A

(Breed every other day as long as the bitch is standing after you identify ovulation via progesterone testing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Frozen semen needs to be placed on a bitch’s most fertile day, how can you figure that out using both ovulation or LH peak?

A

(3-4 days post ovulation or 5-7 days post LH peak, look at the progesterone timeline and go from there)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the due date for dogs post LH peak, ovulation, and diestral shift?

A

(65 post LH peak, 63 post ovulation, 57 post diestral shift)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pregnancy should be checked how many days after ovulation in a bitch?

A

(28 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When is the average peak fertility in male dogs?

A

(2-4 years)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When is the average peak freezability in male dogs?

A

(2-5 years)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why are overweight male dogs likely to be less fertile than normal conditioned dogs?

A

(Dogs tend to deposit fat in their scrotum and fat holds heat and heat is a no no for sperm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Do thyroid, parathyroid, or adrenal (choose) endocrine abnormalities lead to infertility?

A

(Adrenal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What class of flea/tick meds can impact fertility?

A

(Isoxazolines, target rapidly dividing cells which sperm cells definitely are)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If you are presented with a stud dog that has oddly low sperm cells and bad morphology/motility that usually has good numbers, you’re going to ask about meds and disease within how many days of his presentation to you?

A

(60 days, that’s how long spermatogenesis takes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe what is contained in each of the fractions of ejaculate.

A

(First - whatever was in the urethra at the time, some prostatic fluid and +/- urine, second - sperm-rich, third - prostatic fluid only)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When should you advise an owner to switch a pregnant dog from adult food to all life stages or puppy food?

A

(At the pregnancy check at 28 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Progesterone needs to be greater than what value to maintain pregnancy in a dog?

A

(>2ng/ml)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What day of pregnancy should fenbendazole deworming occur?

A

(41 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What day of pregnancy should prewhelping radiographs be taken?

A

(56 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What day of pregnancy should the ultrasound pregnancy check be performed?

A

(28 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

If a dog presents for a pregnancy check at 28 days and you note resorption sites, what should you do next?

A

(Optimally you would have already done a thorough physical exam and if not, do one now; if dog appears systemically fine, have them come back in a few days for another check to see if resorption is progressing or not, if it is then further diagnostics are called for)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

(T/F) Physiologic embryonic resorption does not affect normal litter size.

A

(T, occurs when there is genetic abnormality of an embryo or if there is overcrowding)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are some bacterial causative agents of embryonic resorption/abortion? 8 answers, definitely don’t need to get them all.

A

(Brucella canis, E. coli, Staph, Strep, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, Mycoplasma, and Ureaplasma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are some viral causative agents of embryonic resorption/abortion? 4 answers, definitely don’t need to get them all.

A

(Canine herpes virus 1, parvovirus, distemper, canine adenovirus 1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Progesterone slowly increases/decreases (choose) as pregnancy progresses in dogs.

A

(Decreases, usually >20ng/ml for first half and >5ng/ml for second half)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When monitoring a dog that is close to whelping, she will whelp within 24 hours of her temperature reaching what value?

A

(99 F)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

(T/F) You should confirm pregnancy prior to using prostaglandin treatment to terminate a potential pregnancy.

A

(T)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How long can you wait after a misalliance to spay a dog?

A

(2 weeks, want to wait for heat to end but not too long as to complicate the surgery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

(T/F) Embryo implantation occurs around day 19-21 in dogs, aglepristone must be given prior to that point to work.

A

(F, aglepristone can be given up to 45 days after a misalliance occurs, if it is given prior to implantation, it prevents implantation and if it is given after, it induces resorption)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The first stage of labor usually lasts 6-12 hours but may be longer in what cases?

A

(Primiparous bitches)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The second stage of labor usually lasts 2-12 hours but may last up to 24 hours in what cases?

A

(Large litters)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the normal presentation of chorioallantoic fluid?

A

(Clear yellow fluid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

(T/F) Lochia should not pass prior to the first puppy being born.

A

(T, this is a sign of dystocia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Greater than what time interval between puppies is a sign of dystocia?

A

(>2-3 hours)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are two ways to approximately age fetuses in utero when the breeding may not have been well managed, and when in gestation can those methods be used?

A

(Biparietal diameter during late gestation and inner chorionic cavity diameter in early gestation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

(T/F) It is never normal for a fetus to have a heart rate below 190-200.

A

(F, can be normal during active uterine contractions but if there are no contractions, then it is abnormal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What two things do you look for to indicate appropriate fetal maturity, which can develop anywhere from 1-4 days prior to whelping?

A

(Continuous fetal GI peristalsis and clear corticomedullary distinction in the kidneys)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Medical dystocia management should only be pursued when there are how many puppies left to deliver?

A

(2-4, 2 is Dr. Balogh’s suggestion but a textbook says 4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Why can putting the delivered puppies on a dam to nurse aid in the birth of additional puppies?

A

(Triggers the release of oxytocin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

In relation to breeding, ideally when should female breeding stock be tested for tick borne diseases?

A

(Prior to coming in to estrus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Of the drugs listed below, which are safe for use in breeding animals:
Ivermectin
Fenbendazole
Flumethrin, imidacloprid
Floralaner, afoxolaner
Febental
Moxidectin, imidacloprid
Selamectin

A

Ivermectin (Safe except in MDR positive dogs, heartgard)
Fenbendazole (Safe, top choice dewormer, panacur)
Flumethrin, imidacloprid (Safe, seresto collars)
Floralaner, afoxolaner (Not safe esp. in animals with seizures, isoxazoline class)
Febental (Not safe, drontal plus)
Moxidectin, imidacloprid (Not safe, advantage multi)
Selamectin (Safe, revolution)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the key to using flea/tick preventatives in breeding stock?

A

(Read the novel that is included)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

If using monthly isoxazoline products in breeding stock they will need a wash out period prior to breeding, how long should that wash out period be?

A

(2 months)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

When should breeding bitches be switched to all life stages or puppy food (now that studies have been updated)?

A

(1-2 months prior to heat cycle and if that is difficult to know, as soon as she comes into heat and if you are planning to breed her that cycle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the main nutrient provided in all life stages or puppy food that is needed for puppy neuronal development?

A

(DHA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What additional nutrient should be supplemented in breeds predisposed to midline defects?

A

(Folic acid → 5mg PO per day up to day 40 of the pregnancy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are the pathogens of concern with raw diets?

A

(Salmonella, E. coli/other coliforms, Campylobacter, Toxoplasma, Neospora caninum, Crypto)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

(T/F) Freezing raw meat for at least one week reduces the possibility of parasitic and bacterial infections.

A

(F, just parasitic is true)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Pair the following definition to its appropriate drug category:

These drugs may have potential risks. Studies in people or laboratory animals have uncovered risks, and these drugs should be used cautiously or as a last resort when the benefit of therapy clearly outweighs the risks.

A

Drug category C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Pair the following definition to its appropriate drug category:

Probably safe. Although specific studies may not have proved the safety of all drugs in dogs and cats, there are no reports of adverse effects in laboratory animals or in women.

A

Drug category A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Pair the following definition to its appropriate drug category:

Contraindicated. These drugs have been shown to cause congenital malformations or embryotoxicity.

A

Drug category D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Pair the following definition to its appropriate drug category:

Safe for use if used cautiously. Studies in laboratory animals may have uncovered some risk, but these drugs appear to be safe in dogs and cats or these drugs are safe if they are not administered when the animal is near them.

A

Drug category B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Why should hypervitaminosis A be avoided in pregnant dogs?

A

(Predisposes litters to cleft palettes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Why is calcium supplementation discouraged in pregnant dogs?

A

(Excessive calcium intake during pregnancy or nursing can suppress parathyroid hormone production and increase the risk of developing eclampsia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are the neonatal killers?

A

(Hypoglycemia, hypotension, hypothermia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are the three reflexes puppies should have?

A

(Suckling, righting, and rooting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What medication can be given for agalactia as long as it is started within 24 hours of birth?

A

(Metoclopramide, efficacy decreases past 24 hours post parturition, milk will come in after 3-5 doses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What are your treatment options for poor mothering?

A

(Sepia (not proven to work), intranasal oxytocin, adaptil (not proven to work in every case))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Hypocalcemia is most common in what time period postpartum in dogs?

A

(2 weeks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with hypocalcemia?

A

(Changes in demeanor, muscle fasciculations, hyperthermia, seizures, death)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the treatment for hypocalcemia if you can catch it prior to muscle fasciculations?

A

(Tums, if presenting with muscle fasciculations can give IV but need to monitor heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is typically the cause of hypocalcemia in postpartum bitches (besides the owner supplementing it willy nilly)?

A

(Not getting it from the diet so either anorexic or inappropriate diet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Mastitis in dogs can occur anytime during lactation but is most common when?

A

(2-3 weeks postpartum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are the usually causative agents of mastitis in dogs?

A

(Either normal flora invading or fecal contamination so Staphs, Streps, and E. coli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What produce can be used to help treat mastitis in dogs?

A

(Cabbage → pack around the teat, will pull inflammation/edema out of the teat and it has antibacterial properties)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

(T/F) Babies should be left on a mastitic teat.

A

(T, never remove nursing babies, they will help clear stuff out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

When is metritis most likely to occur postpartum?

A

(1-3 weeks postpartum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Why should dogs with vaginal prolapse be spayed? Two reasons.

A

(1 - it is heritable so you shouldn’t breed affected dogs anyway, 2 - estrogen is what induces it so removing the supply of estrogen (ovaries) will prevent it from happening again)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Why should a vaginal cytology occur before a digital examination?

A

(Bc lube will mess with the cytology)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

How will you distinguish between a normal postpartum vaginal cytology and a vaginal cytology associated with metritis?

A

(Normal → some neutrophils and epithelial cells, metritis → excessive neutrophils)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Normal uterine dimensions postpartum are based on what three characteristics of the dog/her pregnancy?

A

(How many puppies the dam had, what breed she is, and how many days postpartum it is)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

It is normal to have lochia for how long postpartum?

A

(3-4 weeks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Describe normal lochia.

A

(Green initially then red/brown then transitions to brown/clear, should be odorless the entire time)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

(T/F) Carprofen is not excreted in milk of dams unless there is mastitis present.

A

(T, inflammation d/t mastitis breaks down the normal barriers so carprofen can leak into milk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What is a good indirect measurement of a dam’s milk production?

A

(Puppy weight gain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What are the two common signalments associated with pyometras?

A

(Older nulliparous bitch and young bitch with virulent ascending bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Why are pyometras a diestrual disease?

A

(Bc a CL needs to be present to have the effects on the uterus to cause a pyometra → holding it closed and keeping the immune system quiet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What does repeated estrous cycles lead to in older, nulliparous bitches that predisposes to infection later in life?

A

(Cystic endometrial hyperplasia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Pyometras usually crop up in what time period after a heat cycle?

A

(1-3 months, can be closer to 1 month for younger bitches with aggressive bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What induces the cervix to open in pyometra cases?

A

(Enough pressure on the cervix and enough PGF excreted from the uterus d/t pus/inflammation → open pyometra)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What is the primary causative agent of pyometras?

A

(E. coli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What type of anemia can be associated with pyometras?

A

(Normocytic, normochromic regenerative anemia)

86
Q

What is the purpose of giving Alizin/Aglepristone to dogs with pyometras when pursuing medical therapy?

A

(Allows cervix to open and fluid to drain, also kills the CL providing the progesterone)

87
Q

What is the purpose of giving cabergoline to pyometra cases when pursuing medical therapy?

A

(Dopamine agonist → stops prolactin feedback to allow for better luteolysis)

88
Q

What temp should your fresh out of mom puppy incubator be set to?

A

(86-89 F)

89
Q

Resuscitation should be attempted for what time period for puppies?

A

(Minimum of 30 minutes)

90
Q

What is the purpose of rubbing a neonatal puppies hair backwards on their lumbar area?

A

(Stimulates respiration)

91
Q

To swing or not to swing neonatal puppies, that is the question.

A

(Not to swing)

92
Q

What is the acupuncture point that can be used in neonatal puppies to stimulate breathing?

A

(Jen Chung - GV26)

93
Q

In a hypoxemia induced bradycardic neonatal puppy, you should pursue chest compressions, and continue to provide heat and respiratory support. What can you do if the puppy does not respond to the things listed above?

A

(Administer epinephrine → 0.05-0.1ml (1 drop) per rectum (can also be given IO or IV))

94
Q

What temperature should puppies and kittens be prior to tube feeding?

A

(At least 96 F)

95
Q

What are the two common signalments associated with pyometras?

A

(Older nulliparous bitch and young bitch with virulent ascending bacteria)

96
Q

Why are pyometras a diestrual disease?

A

(Bc a CL needs to be present to have the effects on the uterus to cause a pyometra → holding it closed and keeping the immune system quiet)

97
Q

What does repeated estrous cycles lead to in older, nulliparous bitches that predisposes to infection later in life?

A

(Cystic endometrial hyperplasia)

98
Q

Pyometras usually crop up in what time period after a heat cycle?

A

(1-3 months, can be closer to 1 month for younger bitches with aggressive bacteria)

99
Q

What induces the cervix to open in pyometra cases?

A

(Enough pressure on the cervix and enough PGF excreted from the uterus d/t pus/inflammation → open pyometra)

100
Q

What is the primary causative agent of pyometras?

A

(E. coli)

101
Q

What type of anemia can be associated with pyometras?

A

(Normocytic, normochromic regenerative anemia)

102
Q

What is the purpose of giving Alizin/Aglepristone to dogs with pyometras when pursuing medical therapy?

A

(Allows cervix to open and fluid to drain, also kills the CL providing the progesterone)

103
Q

What is the purpose of giving cabergoline to pyometra cases when pursuing medical therapy?

A

(Dopamine agonist → stops prolactin feedback to allow for better luteolysis)

104
Q

What hormone is integral to the formation of a pyometra?

A

(Progesterone → immunosuppressive)

105
Q

What are some of the clinical signs associated with pyometras?

A

(Lethargy, depression, hypo to anorexia, PU/PD, fever, dehydration, GI upset (v/d, nausea), abdominal pain, hindlimb pain, and tachypnea/tachycardia indicate endotoxemia)

106
Q

What antibiotics are typically used in pyometra cases?

A

(Clavamox, enrofloxacin, and unasyn)

107
Q

What are some negative prognostic indicators in pyometra cases?

A

(Signs of sepsis or endotoxemia and severe renal dysfunction/changes on blood work)

108
Q

Where is GnRH secreted and what is its purpose?

A

(Released from the hypothalamus and causes gonadotropin (LH and FSH) secretion)

109
Q

During which phase is FSH dominant and what is its purpose?

A

(Dominant during follicular phase, purpose is to grow follicles)

110
Q

Estrogen has a negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary which affects which two other hormones?

A

(GnRH and FSH, decreases their secretion)

111
Q

During which phase is progesterone dominant?

A

(Luteal phase)

112
Q

Megestrol acetate (MGA) is a synthetic form of what hormone?

A

(Progesterone)

113
Q

Megestrol acetate needs to be started how long before expected proestrus at a minimum to appropriately skip the expected cycle in a dog that is in anestrus?

A

(MGA needs to be started a minimum of 1 week prior to proestrus and is then given for 32 days → goal is to stop or prevent follicular development by prevent the bitch from going into proestrus)

114
Q

If an owner messed up when they suspected their dog was going to go into proestrus and so they were unable to start MGA prior to their dog going into proestrus, how many days into proestrus can MGA be given?

A

(Within the first 3 days of proestrus, given for 8 days, will still attract males until clinical signs of proestrus are gone)

115
Q

What is the mechanism of action of megestrol acetate?

A

(Since it is a progestin, it will have negative feedback on the HPO axis therefore reducing the amount of GnRH, FSH, and LH in the body)

116
Q

When should megestrol acetate not be used?

A

(Prior to pubertal heat, for more than two consecutive cycles (risk of CEH +/- pyometra if used more), if there is reproductive tissue disease, liver disease, or in pregnant or older bitches)

117
Q

Mibolerone (a synthetic weak androgen) has what effect on the HPO axis?

A

(Suppresses HPO axis through negative feedback on the hypothalamus)

118
Q

Mibolerone should not be used for any longer than how many years and not used at all in which breed?

A

(Should not be used for any longer than 2 year and not used in Bedlington terriers)

119
Q

What is the mechanism of action for deslorelin?

A

(Deslorelin is a GnRH superagonist so it desensitizes and downregulates the gonadotropin receptors in the pituitary which decreases secretion of FSH and LH)

120
Q

What are some of the side effects of deslorelin implants that are particularly more common in older bitches?

A

(Persistent heat, CEH, and pyometra)

121
Q

What type of drug is cabergoline and what are the suspected mechanisms of actions that make it useful for induction of heat cycles in bitches?

A

(Cabergoline is a dopamine agonist that is thought to either increase FSH concentrations to help folliculogenesis (not sure how, weren’t given a reason) or stimulate GnRH by blocking prolactins negative feedback on the hypothalamus)

122
Q

What are the side effects of cabergoline?

A

(Nausea, vomiting, and coat color change)

123
Q

Deslorelin implants can be used for both preventing and triggering estrus, how are they used to trigger estrus?

A

(Once an animal with the implant starts to show signs of estrus, you remove the implant so you don’t reach the point where the pituitary gland becomes desensitized to GnRH and estrus can occur normally, if you leave it in too long it will suppress their cycle)

124
Q

Use of a deslorelin implant is associated with ovulation in 75% of cases it is used in and one of the possible issues is an anovulatory heat cycle, how can this risk be minimized?

A

(By using the implant at least 4-4.5 months after the last cycle the bitch has and avoided using it in early anestrus (the uterus will not be ready for ovulation), if you wait until the body is more primed (so later in anestrus), she is more likely to respond the way you want her to)

125
Q

(T/F) The corpus luteum that is produced by using a deslorelin implant is just as hardy as a CL formed naturally by the body.

A

(F, they are not as hardy and can sometimes fail to function for the whole diestrus which can translate to pregnancy failure)

126
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aglepristone aka alizin?

A

(It is a progesterone receptor antagonist so it will complete with progesterone for progesterone receptors → progesterone levels will decline over time and CLs will fail to function)

127
Q

What is the mechanism of action of prostaglandins such a dinoprost?

A

(Causes luteolysis, smooth muscle contraction (both throughout the body and in the uterus), and opening of the cervix (why it is useful for medical tx of pyos))

128
Q

In which breeds should the use of prostaglandins, especially natural prostaglandins, be avoided because of the side effects (tachypnea, tachycardia, GI upset, drooling, colic like signs)?

A

(Brachycephalics)

129
Q

How does cabergoline work to prevent pregnancy though it is always combined with other medications because it is too weak to achieve prevention alone?

A

(It reduces prolactin which is the main luteotropic hormone in the second half of pregnancy so the CL will not longer be supported and there will also be reduced progesterone production (which you can track with bloodwork))

130
Q

What type of drug can be used in cats to suppress estrus by taking advantage of them being long day breeders?

A

(Melatonin implants, can make their body think its short day still, can also try light therapy (works for both prevention and induction))

131
Q

What are the benefits to allowing cats to have an anestrus cycle for a few months if using light therapy to induce them to be in estrus?

A

(If you use light therapy to keep them in estrus for a long time, you will see a decline in fertility so if you give them a break, you will see better fertility and better litter sizes)

132
Q

(T/F) Use of a GnRH agonist for chemical castration in male dogs is a temporary, reversible suppression of testicular function.

A

(T)

133
Q

When is the use of GnRH agonists for chemical castration indicated in dogs?

A

(In cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia and/or testosterone related behavioral issues in which the dogs cannot be neutered)

134
Q

How long can it take to restore the fertility of a dog who was chemically castrated with a GnRH agonist?

A

(6-7 months, check a BSE prior to trying to breed)

135
Q

The anestrus period is a minimum of what months in dogs?

A

(4 months → allows for appropriate level of repair (involution, desquamation of endometrium, etc.) to occur in the uterus after completion of a heat cycle)

136
Q

What is the normal range of interestrus interval in dogs?

A

(4-12 months, usually 6-8 months)

137
Q

What is primary persistent anestrus?

A

(A lack of estrous cycling by 24 months of age (this value may be different between breeds but its an average))

138
Q

What is secondary persistent anestrus?

A

(Failure for a bitch to cycle >12 months after her previous estrous cycle)

139
Q

What practices can be used to prevent persistent anestrus that is due to management or heat detection failure and/or silent heat?

A

(Daily observation and wiping of the vulva, weekly to biweekly vaginal cytology, and monthly to more frequent serum progesterone testing)

140
Q

Why does persistent anestrus result when a dog has luteal cysts or granulosa cell tumors?

A

(Bc they both can secrete progesterone continuously which will inhibit the HPG axis)

141
Q

What is the definition of a persistent or prolonged heat cycle?

A

(>6 weeks of combined proestrus and estrus (or a significantly prolonged heat relative to the normal heat cycle of the individual bitch))

142
Q

What are some of the complications related to prolonged estrogen exposure (related to prolonged heat) with or without concomitant progesterone?

A

(Uterine dz (CEH, endometritis, pyometra), bone marrow suppression (aregenerative anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia), skin changes (alopecia, hyperkeratosis), and mammary gland development and possibly lactation)

143
Q

What is the definition of a split heat?

A

(When a dog has a short proestrus period without ovulation that is then followed by a normal fertile ovulatory heat period 2-12 weeks later, this occurs most often at the pubertal heat and is normal at that time)

144
Q

In a case of ovulation failure, where serum progesterone never rises above 3.5 ng/ml, when will the next heat cycle usually occur?

A

(2 months earlier than expected (based off of whatever is normal for that dog) because the dog will not have a diestrus period)

145
Q

In which cases is a prolonged interestrus interval normal?

A

(In older bitches and after whelping)

146
Q

Of the ovarian neoplasms, listed below, which is most likely to interfere with cycling?

A - Epithelial tumors → adenocarcinoma, papillary adenoma, cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma
B - Sex cord/stromal tumors → granulosa cell tumor, thecal cell tumor, luteoma, interstitial cell tumor, sertoli cell tumor
C - Germ cell tumors → dysgerminoma, teratoma, and dermoid cysts

A

(B)

147
Q

(T/F) In autosomal dominant mutations, only one copy is required of the affected gene to cause disease.

A

(T, so even heterozygous animals will have the disease)

148
Q

What are the two examples that were given for autosomal dominant diseases in animals?

A

(Polycystic kidney dz in persians and progressive rod/cone degeneration/atrophy in english mastiffs and bullmastiffs)

149
Q

(T/F) In autosomal recessive mutations, two copies of an affected gene are required to cause disease.

A

(T, so heterozygous animals will be carriers)

150
Q

What is penetrance?

A

(The number of individuals with a mutated genotype that express the phenotype, can be complete (100% of animals with the mutated genotype will have dz) or incomplete (only some animals with the mutated genotype will express dz))

151
Q

What needs to be taken into account when determining an animals “at risk” possibility of having a genetic disease?

A

(If it is dominant or recessive (obvi if its dominant they’re screwed) and if it is recessive, does the disease have complete or incomplete penetrance)

152
Q

What is a good first line diagnostic test to perform in female animals you suspect have ovarian remnants?

A

(Vaginal cytology, will tell you if there is estrogenic influence in the body or not)

153
Q

In a dog with an ovarian remnant, their AMH will be high/low (choose) while their LH will be high/low (choose).

A

(AMH will be high and LH will be low if there are gonad remnants remaining, opposite if there are no gonads remaining)

154
Q

What is a fairly easy way to tell if a male cat still has a source of testosterone in their body?

A

(Check the penis for spine (so easy in a tomcat), if there are spines there is testosterone)

155
Q

What two tests are used for absolute confirmation of brucellosis in dogs?

A

(PCR and culture)

156
Q

How do dogs with prostatic neoplasia typically present?

A

(With systemic signs, usually respiratory signs since the two commons types of prostatic neoplasia (adenocarcinoma or transitional cell carcinoma) are highly aggressive and metastatic)

157
Q

What are the treatment options for cases of adult vaginitis?

A

(Hormonal (DES or incurin), surgery (episioplasty, indicated when dogs are refractory to medical tx), and probiotics)

158
Q

(T/F) Dogs do not need an LH peak to ovulate.

A

(T)

159
Q

Ovulation can last anywhere from 12 hours to how long in dogs, and what type of oocyst do they ovulate?

A

(12-36 hours, primary oocysts)

160
Q

The time it takes for a primary oocyst to become a secondary oocyte in dogs is a range, what is that range?

A

(48-72 hours, this is tied to P4 levels which will increase as the oocyst matures)

161
Q

How long is the fertilization phase in dogs which is the time period after the maturation phase and before the oocyst becomes unfertalizable and/or dead?

A

(12-24 hours)

162
Q

How long does shipped chilled semen last versus frozen semen?

A

(Shipped chilled → 5-7 days, frozen → 12-24 hours, 12 more likely than 24 hours)

163
Q

What types of semen can be used for vaginal artificial insemination?

A

(Fresh or shipped chilled)

164
Q

What types of semen can be used for transcervical and surgical artificial insemination?

A

(Fresh, shipped chilled, and frozen)

165
Q

Fenbendazole deworming should occur how many days post ovulation?

A

(41 days)

166
Q

Pre-whelping radiographs should occur how many days post ovulation?

A

(56 days)

167
Q

You should evaluate the gross motility of a sperm sample at what microscopic magnification?

A

(10x)

168
Q

You should evaluate individual sperm cell motility with what microscopic magnification?

A

(40x)

169
Q

What type of movement should you be evaluating individual sperm cells for?

A

(Progressive linear movement)

170
Q

Morphology of sperm cells should always be evaluated with what microscopic magnification and technique?

A

(100x oil immersion)

171
Q

What is the normal number of sperm cells in ejaculate per kg in body weight?

A

(20 million per kg)

172
Q

When using a hemacytometer to evaluate the concentration of sperm in a sample, how much does the sample need to be diluted?

A

(Needs to be diluted 10 to 1)

173
Q

What are some of the normal flora of the prepuce that will interfere with culture results if you choose to culture sperm/prostatic fluid?

A

(Staphs, streps, pasteurella, mycoplasma, and E. coli)

174
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take?

A

(60 days)

175
Q

Pair the following color with which ejaculate fraction should be that color:

Slightly cloudy

A

(Pre-sperm)

176
Q

Pair the following color with which ejaculate fraction should be that color:

Greyish white

A

(Sperm rich)

177
Q

Pair the following color with which ejaculate fraction should be that color:

Crystal clear

A

(Prostatic/postsperm)

178
Q

What breed of dog is predisposed to urethral prolapses?

A

(Bulldogs)

179
Q

Can both neutered and intact dogs have normal preputial discharge and what would you see on cytology if you sampled it?

A

(Yes both can have normal preputial discharge, will see WBC and debris on cytology)

180
Q

What are the normal signs of the first stage of labor and how long can it last before it is considered abnormal?

A

(Normal signs are nesting, panting, and anorexia and it can last up to 18 hours)

181
Q

After you note the body temperature of a bitch drops, there should be labor signs within what time period otherwise you should call a vet?

A

(Should be labor signs within 24 hours of temp drop and if that doesn’t start, call a vet)

182
Q

What is the maximum time stage two should take for the first puppy versus the subsequent puppies?

A

(First puppy should be out in an hour once active labor begins, subsequent puppies should be out in 30 minutes; if time goes over in either of those cases, call a vet)

183
Q

If it takes longer than what time for a bitch to start labor again between puppies, you should call a vet?

A

(>3 hours between puppies)

184
Q

Anytime what two types of discharge are seen associated with whelping, a vet should be called immediately?

A

(Black discharge or a moderate to large amount of fresh blood)

185
Q

What are the three functions of prostaglandins pertinent to the female reproductive tract?

A

(Luteolysis, myometrial contractions, and cervical dilation)

186
Q

For the cases listed below, state if medical management/vaginal delivery versus C-section are correct treatment options:

Obstruction with an abnormal fetal presentation/position/posture or fetal size

A

(Medical and c-section viable options)

187
Q

For the cases listed below, state if medical management/vaginal delivery versus C-section are correct treatment options:

Obstruction due to abnormal birth canal

A

(C-section only viable option)

188
Q

For the cases listed below, state if medical management/vaginal delivery versus C-section are correct treatment options:

Primary uterine inertia

A

(C-section)

189
Q

For the cases listed below, state if medical management/vaginal delivery versus C-section are correct treatment options:

Secondary uterine inertia with an obstruction

A

(Medical and c-section viable options)

190
Q

For the cases listed below, state if medical management/vaginal delivery versus C-section are correct treatment options:

Secondary uterine inertia without an obstruction

A

(Medical and c-section viable options)

191
Q

What is the maximum dose per dog per whole treatment of oxytocin?

A

(20IU)

192
Q

How many times can oxytocin be used per puppy?

A

(1-2x)

193
Q

In what scenarios is 10% calcium gluconate administered to whelping bitches?

A

(It she is hypocalcemia or in a eucalcemic dam 15 minutes prior to administering oxytocin to help with contractions)

194
Q

Of the drugs listed below, which are safe for use in breeding animals:

Pyrantel

A

(safe)

195
Q

Of the drugs listed below, which are safe for use in breeding animals:

Milbemycin

A

(safe, interceptor and sentinel)

196
Q

Of the drugs listed below, which are safe for use in breeding animals:

Selamectin

A

(safe, revolution)

197
Q

Of the drugs listed below, which are safe for use in breeding animals:

Fipronil

A

(safe, frontline)

198
Q

Of the drugs listed below, which are safe for use in breeding animals:

Pyrethrins, pyrethroids, and permethrins

A

(not safe)

199
Q

Of the drugs listed below, which are safe for use in breeding animals:

Spinosad or spinosad/milbemycin combo

A

(not safe, comfortis and trifexis)

200
Q

How can you confirm luteolysis occurred in a medically managed pyometra case?

A

(Check progesterone, < 2 ng/ml at least, < 1 ideal)

201
Q

When confirming that a medically managed pyometra case was successful via ultrasound, what do you look for?

A

(A uterine diameter of 0.5-1 cm and reduced edema)

202
Q

What are the pharmacokinetics of the drugs listed below:

Aglepristone/alizin
Estrumate/cloprostenol
Lutalyse/dinoprost
Cabergoline

A

Aglepristone/alizin (progesterone antagonist)
Estrumate/cloprostenol (synthetic prostaglandin)
Lutalyse/dinoprost (natural prostaglandin)
Cabergoline (dopamine agonist, prolactin antagonist)

203
Q

What are the anesthetic concerns pertaining to pyometra cases?

A

(Hypotension and electrolyte/renal derangements)

204
Q

What can you expect to see on cytology of pyometra pus?

A

(Degenerate neutrophils, proteinaceous debris, and intracellular/overwhelming #s bacteria)

205
Q

What treatments and drugs are used for supportive care in pyometra cases?

A

(Fluids (isotonic → LRS or normosol), NSAIDs/analgesia, gastroprotectants (ondansetron, famotidine, omeprazole), and antiemetics (maropitant))

206
Q

What is the ideal candidate for medical management of pyometra?

A

(Young dog with no comorbidities and no uterine pathology (i.e. CEH))

207
Q

When treating a pyometra medically, the most critical refractory period is what time period after completion of treatment?

A

(14-21 days)

208
Q

What is the dose for naloxone for puppies, in what scenario is it given, and what routes can it be administered?

A

(Dose is 1 drop (0.05-0.1ml, 0.1 mg/kg), it is given when mom is sedated with fentanyl, and it can be given IV, IM, IO, rectally, and sublingually)

209
Q

Why should puppies be at least 96 degrees F prior to tube feeding?

A

(To prevent ileus, bloat, and aspiration)

210
Q

What is the dose for milk replacer in puppies and kittens?

A

(1-3 ml/100g/feeding)

211
Q

How often should 0-2 week old puppies and kittens be fed compared to 2-4 week old puppies?

A

(0-2 week old → q2h, 2-4 week old → q3-6h)

212
Q

What four things can be used to estimate prognosis in neonatal puppies and kittens?

A

(Birth weight, colostrum intake, weight gain, and apgar score)

Small A. Therio (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions