Abnormal Cycles + Problems in Gonadectomized

Question 1

What is the normal range of interestrus interval in dogs?

Answer 1

(4-12 months, usually 6-8 months)

Question 2

What is primary persistent anestrus?

Answer 2

(A lack of estrous cycling by 24 months of age (this value may be different between breeds but its an average))

Question 3

What is secondary persistent anestrus?

Answer 3

(Failure for a bitch to cycle >12 months after her previous estrous cycle)

Question 4

What practices can be used to prevent persistent anestrus that is due to management or heat detection failure and/or silent heat?

Answer 4

(Daily observation and wiping of the vulva, weekly to biweekly vaginal cytology, and monthly to more frequent serum progesterone testing)

Question 5

Why does persistent anestrus result when a dog has luteal cysts or granulosa cell tumors?

Answer 5

(Bc they both can secrete progesterone continuously which will inhibit the HPG axis)

Question 6

What is the definition of a persistent or prolonged heat cycle?

Answer 6

(>6 weeks of combined proestrus and estrus (or a significantly prolonged heat relative to the normal heat cycle of the individual bitch))

Question 7

What are some of the complications related to prolonged estrogen exposure (related to prolonged heat) with or without concomitant progesterone?

Answer 7

(Uterine dz (CEH, endometritis, pyometra), bone marrow suppression (aregenerative anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia), skin changes (alopecia, hyperkeratosis), and mammary gland development and possibly lactation)

Question 8

What is the definition of a split heat?

Answer 8

(When a dog has a short proestrus period without ovulation that is then followed by a normal fertile ovulatory heat period 2-12 weeks later, this occurs most often at the pubertal heat and is normal at that time)

Question 9

In a case of ovulation failure, where serum progesterone never rises above 3.5 ng/ml, when will the next heat cycle usually occur?

Answer 9

(2 months earlier than expected (based off of whatever is normal for that dog) because the dog will not have a diestrus period)

Question 10

In which cases is a prolonged interestrus interval normal?

Answer 10

(In older bitches and after whelping)

Question 11

Of the ovarian neoplasms, listed below, which is most likely to interfere with cycling?

A - Epithelial tumors → adenocarcinoma, papillary adenoma, cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma
B - Sex cord/stromal tumors → granulosa cell tumor, thecal cell tumor, luteoma, interstitial cell tumor, sertoli cell tumor
C - Germ cell tumors → dysgerminoma, teratoma, and dermoid cysts

Answer 11

(B)

Question 12

What is a good first line diagnostic test to perform in female animals you suspect have ovarian remnants?

Answer 12

(Vaginal cytology, will tell you if there is estrogenic influence in the body or not)

Question 13

In a dog with an ovarian remnant, their AMH will be high/low (choose) while their LH will be high/low (choose).

Answer 13

(AMH will be high and LH will be low if there are gonad remnants remaining, opposite if there are no gonads remaining)

Question 14

What is a fairly easy way to tell if a male cat still has a source of testosterone in their body?

Answer 14

(Check the penis for spine (so easy in a tomcat), if there are spines there is testosterone)

Question 15

What two tests are used for absolute confirmation of brucellosis in dogs?

Answer 15

(PCR and culture)

Question 16

How do dogs with prostatic neoplasia typically present?

Answer 16

(With systemic signs, usually respiratory signs since the two commons types of prostatic neoplasia (adenocarcinoma or transitional cell carcinoma) are highly aggressive and metastatic)

Question 17

What are the treatment options for cases of adult vaginitis?

Answer 17

(Hormonal (DES or incurin), surgery (episioplasty, indicated when dogs are refractory to medical tx), and probiotics)