All Exam 2 Questions Flashcards
During the absolute refractory period, an action potential will not ensue regardless of stimulus strength. This is because:
A. Inactivation gates for voltage-gated Na+ channels are not yet closed
B. Voltage-gated K+ channels are not yet closed
C. Inactivation gates for voltage-gated Na+ are closed
D. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are not yet open
C. Inactivation gates for voltage-gated Na+ are closed
Adipose tissue secretes the hormone ______ to send satiety signals to the brain and increase the rate of metabolism
A. Adiponectin
B. Leptin
C. Aldosterone
D. Prolactin
B. Leptin
When a baby suckles at the breast, it triggers the release of oxytocin from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Therefore, a _______ stimuli is responsible for the release of oxytocin
A. Humoral
B. Neural
C. Hormonal
D. Negative feedback
B. Neural
Damage to the LEFT side of the spinal cord above the level of the legs would cause which of the following clinical symptoms?
A. Loss of motor function on the right side
B. Loss of fine-touch sensation on the left side
C. Loss of crude touch sensation on the left side
D. Loss of crude touch sensation on the left and right sides
B. Loss of fine-touch sensation on the left side
When epinephrine binds to a G-protein coupled receptor, the binding of ______ to the adenylyl cyclase enzyme will increase the intracellular levels of cAMP
A. G alpha s
B. G alpha i
C. G alpha q
D. All of the above
A. G alpha s
In voltage-gated ______ channels, the opening/closing of the ______ gate is determined by changes in the membrane potential while the opening/closing of the _____ gate is determined by randomness to an extent
A. Sodium; activation; inactivation
B. Sodium; inactivation; activation
C. Potassium; activation; inactivation
D. Potassium; inactivation; activation
A. Sodium; activation; inactivation
Binding of a ligand postsynaptic terminal causes the efflux of K+ ions, resulting in an _______
A. Action potential
B. Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
C. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
D. Depolarization
C. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
The corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the _______ causes the _______ to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) into capillaries, which stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete cortisol and androgens.
A. Anterior pituitary gland; hypothalamus
B. Hypothalamus; posterior pituitary gland
C. Hypothalamus; anterior pituitary gland
D. Posterior pituitary gland; hypothalamus
C. Hypothalamus; anterior pituitary gland
Sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen are derived from cholesterol and are classified as _______
A. Lipid derivatives
B. Amino acid derivatives
C. Protein derivatives
D. Peptide derivatives
A. Lipid derivatives
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) acts on ________ in the adrenal cortex to influence blood glucose levels
A. Zona glomerulosa
B. Zona fasciculata
C. Zona reticularis
D. Zona medulla
B. Zona fasciculata
An action potential allows the sharing of electrochemical impulses between neurons. The first step to generate an action potential is the opening of ______ in the neuronal cell body
A. Ligand-gated sodium channels
B. Voltage-gated sodium channels
C. Mechanically gated potassium channels
D. Voltage-gated potassium channels
A. Ligand-gated sodium channels
When would you assume the pineal gland would secrete the highest levels of melatonin?
A. 3 AM
B. 3 PM
C. 12 PM
D. 7 AM
A. 3 AM
The hypothalamus controls the endocrine function of the anterior pituitary through _______ stimulus, whereas it controls the posterior pituitary through humoral and ________ stimuli
A. Neural; hormonal
B. Hormonal; neural
C. Hormonal; neural
D. Neural; humoral
B. Hormonal; neural
Hormones that are ______ bind to receptor proteins on the outer surface of the plasma membrane and activate the secondary messengers, whereas hormones that are _______ diffuse across the plasma membrane and bind to receptors inside the cell
A. Hydrophilic; hydrophobic
B. Hydrophobic; hydrophilic
C. Amphipathic; hydrophobic
D. Hydrophilic; amphipathic
A. Hydrophilic; hydrophobic
The endocrine system maintains calcium homeostasis. When blood calcium levels increase, the thyroid gland releases ______; when calcium levels decrease, the parathyroid glands releases ______
A. Thyrotropin; parathyroid hormone
B. Parathyroid hormone; thyroid hormone
C. Thyroid hormone; parathyroid hormone
D. Calcitonin; parathyroid hormone
D. Calcitonin; parathyroid hormone
During the resting membrane potential, ions can move in and out of the cell via ______ channels
A. Voltage-gated
B. Leak
C. Ligand-gated
D. Chemically gated
B. Leak
In an ______ axon, an action potential moves along by continuous propagation, so it travels ______ than in a _______ axon.
A. Unmyelinated; faster; myelinated
B. Myelinated; slower; unmyelinated
C. Unmyelinated; slower; myelinated
D. Myelinated; faster; unmyelinated
C. Unmyelinated; slower; myelinated
Sebaceous glands are examples of ______ exocrine glands because the entire cell ruptures to release the secretion
A. Merocrine
B. Holocrine
C. Endocrine
D. Apocrine
B. Holocrine
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) leads to an increased release of ____ which stimulates oocyte maturation by influencing ovarian follicles
A. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
B. Prolactin (PRL)
C. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
D. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
D. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Which hormone released from the parathyroid gland activates osteoclast activity if there are low calcium levels in the blood?
A. Calcitonin
B. Phosphatonin
C. PTH
D. PRH
C. PTH
The patellar tendon tap reflex (stretch reflex) is an example of a ______ reflex, whereas the withdrawal reflex from painful stimuli is an example of a _______ reflex
A. Polysynaptic reflex; monosynaptic reflex
B. Acquired reflex; monosynaptic reflex
C. Monosynaptic reflex; polysynaptic reflex
D. Innate reflex; monosynaptic reflex
C. Monosynaptic reflex; polysynaptic reflex
The endocrine system regulates blood phosphate levels. When blood phosphate levels increase, _______ is released by the bones
A. Phosphatonin
B. Calcitonin
C. Osteocalcin
D. Vitamin D
A. Phosphatonin
If you ever encounter a bear on campus, the ________ neurons in the ________ division of the autonomic nervous system may deliver epinephrine to the target organ
A. Preganglionic; sympathetic
B. Postganglionic; sympathetic
C. Preganglionic; parasympathetic
D. Postganglionic; parasympathetic
B. Postganglionic; sympathetic
One of the functions of ______ in the CNS is the regulation of neurotransmitter homeostasis, as they uptake synaptically released neurotransmitters, metabolize them, and release their precursors back to neurons
A. Ependymal cells
B. Oligodendrocytes
C. Astrocytes
D. Microglia
C. Astrocytes
Somatomedins stimulate the release of growth hormone inhibitory hormone (GH-IH), which inhibits the release of ______
A. Somatostatin
B. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH)
C. Growth hormone (GH)
D. Prolactin
B. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH)
A decrease in blood pressure triggers the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). In this system, ______ increases blood pressure by triggering thirst, causes blood vessels to contract, stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and stimulates aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
A. Renin
B. Angiotensin II
C. Glucocorticoids
D. Angiotensin-converting enzyme
B. Angiotensin II
Blocking _______ sodium and potassium channels can impair the propagation of an action potential along the axon
A. Voltage-gated
B. Chemically gated
C. Ligand-gated
D. Mechanically gated
A. Voltage-gated
Using the three-box model of a neuron, what section of the neuron receives information from other neurons?
A. Cell body
B. Axon
C. Axon terminal
D. Synaptic junction
A. Cell body
What type of cell glial cell functions to myelinate axons in the CNS?
A. Neurolemmocytes/Schwann cells
B. Oligodendrocytes
C. Microglia
D. Astrocytes
B. Oligodendrocytes
_______ membrane potential is the membrane potential of an unstimulated neuron, whereas _______ potential is a temporary and localized change in the membrane potential in the cell body of a neuron
A. Action; graded
B. Graded; action
C. Resting; graded
D. Action; resting
C. Resting; graded
