All Exam 1 Questions Flashcards
Review past exams to study for the cumulative portion of the final!
The skeleton facilitates _____ because long bones connected to muscles function as levers.
A. Hematopoiesis
B. Movement
C. Energy storage
D. Protection
B. Movement
The epidermis contains only one sensory receptor that functions to sense ______.
A. Warmth
B. Pain
C. Sustained pressure
D. Stretch
C. Sustained pressure
Which of the following increases the risk of osteoporosis due to a decreased ability to absorb calcium from the intestines?
A. Low vitamin D
B. Obesity
C. Small body frame
D. Early malnutrition
A. Low vitamin D
What type of cell junction is connected to the cytoskeleton by actin?
A. Desmosomes
B. Gap junctions
C. Hemidesmosomes
D. Focal adhesions
D. Focal adhesions
Misfolded proteins are detected by chaperone proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and trigger the endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathway. In ERAD, misfolded proteins are tagged with ubiquitin then sent ______ for degradation.
A. To the Golgi apparatus
B. Out of the cell
C. To proteasomes
D. To the nucleus
C. To proteasomes
Melanocytes are found in the ________, which is the deepest layer of the epidermis.
A. Stratum granulosum
B. Stratum spinosum
C. Stratum basale
D. Stratum corneum
C. Stratum basale
Osteocytes release both RANK ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG). RANK-RANKL interactions promote bone resorption (breaking down of bone tissue) by triggering the synthesis of _________, whereas RANKL-OPG interactions promote bone formation.
A. Osteoblasts
B. Osteoclasts
C. Osteogenic cells
D. Osteocytes
B. Osteoclasts
Tendons link muscles to bones. Tendons are made of dense ___________ connective tissue where collagen is arranged in parallel fibers.
A. Irregular
B. Regular
C. Areolar
D. Elastic
B. Regular
Epithelial tissue, which has a single layer of flattened cells, would be described as __________.
A. Stratified squamous epithelium
B. Simple squamous epithelium
C. Simple cuboidal epithelium
D. Transitional epithelium
B. Simple squamous epithelium
After the first domain of a transmembrane protein is translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum via the signal recognition particle (SRP) and its receptor (SR), what determines the threading of subsequent transmembrane domains into the ER membrane?
A. Hydrophobic alpha-helical domains are embedded in the ER membrane by chaperone proteins
B. Hydrophobic domains are moved into the ER membrane via the lateral gate of the translocon
C. Hydrophilic domains are moved into the ER membrane via the lateral gate of the translocon
D. Hydrophilic domains are tagged with ubiquitin and embedded in the ER membrane by chaperone proteins
B. Hydrophobic domains are moved into the ER membrane via the lateral gate of the translocon
When there is increased mechanical stress on bones, undifferentiated _________ with high mitotic activity can differentiate into __________.
A. Osteoblasts, osteogenic cells
B. Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts
C. Osteoblasts, osteocytes
D. Osteogenic cells, osteoclasts
B. Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts
Connective tissue where either chondrocytes or osteocytes are present is generally classified as:
A. CT proper
B. Supporting CT
C. Fluid CT
D. Loose CT
B. Supporting CT
Intracellular channels permit the electrical and metabolic coupling of the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells in a _______ junction. On the other hands, _________ junctions act as a seal between adjacent cells.
A. Anchoring, gap
B. Gap, anchoring
C. Gap, tight
D. Anchoring, tight
C. Gap, tight
Long-distance transport of vesicles from the center of the cell to the cell membrane is carried out by ________.
A. Dynein on actin filaments
B. Dynein on microtubules
C. Kinesin on microtubules
D. Kinesin on actin filaments
C. Kinesin on microtubules
Squamous cell carcinoma is least likely to originate in the stratum ________ of the epidermis because there are no living cells in this layer of the epithelium.
A. Corneum
B. Spinosum
C. Granulosum
D. Basale
A. Corneum
The bones of the skull are examples of ______ bones, which consist of a layer of spongy bone lined on either side by a layer of compact bone. Thus, if the outer layer cranial bone fractures, the brain will still be protected by the intact inner layer.
A. Short
B. Long
C. Flat
D. Irregular
C. Flat
During exocytosis, the charged surface of the vesicles will be repelled by the charged surface of the plasma membrane. These repulsive forces are overcome by the interactions between the ________ proteins on the vesicles and the ________ proteins on the target membrane, thereby permitting fusion of fusion of both phospholipid bilayers.
A. T-Snare, V-Snare
B. V-Snare, T-Snare
C. V-Snare, synaptotagmin
D. Synaptotagmin, T-Snare
B. V-Snare, T-Snare
The multiple layers in stratified squamous epithelium in the epidermis and lining the oral cavity ensure ________.
A. Absorption
B. Protection
C. Secretion
D. Diffusion
B. Protection
The elastic tissue found in the external ear is a type of _______, while the elastic tissue found in the walls of arteries is a type of _______.
A. Cartilage, dense CT
B. Dense CT, blood
C. Loose CT, cartilage
D. Cartilage, loose CT
A. Cartilage, dense CT
During appositional growth, osteoclasts resorb old bone that lines the medullary cavity, while osteoblasts, via _______ ossification, produce new bone beneath the _______.
A. Intramembranous, periosteum
B. Endochondral, endosteum
C. Intramembranous, endosteum
D. Endochondral, periosteum
A. Intramembranous, periosteum
Which of the following characteristics is NOT observed in epithelial tissue?
A. Polarity
B. Blood vessels
C. Regenerative
D. Organized layers
B. Blood vessels
Which components in areolar connective tissue deform and release water under the mechanical load to absorb shock?
A. Collagen
B. Elastin
C. Fibroblasts
D. Proteoglycans
D. Proteoglycans
There are a number of steps in bone remodeling. During ______, osteocytes recognize bone that needs to be repaired and can release local factors to stimulate this process.
A. Organization
B. Formation
C. Mineralization
D. Activation
A. Organization
Which of the following repair mechanisms is most likely to result in loss of function in the replaced tissue?
A. Regeneration
B. Synthesis
C. Degradation
D. Fibrosis
D. Fibrosis
Mutations in COP II will likely affect the transport of vesicles from ______, but will likely NOT affect the transport of vesicles from ______.
A. Golgi apparatus to the ER; ER to Golgi apparatus
B. ER to Golgi apparatus; Golgi apparatus to ER
C. Golgi apparatus to ER; Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane
D. Plasma membrane to Golgi apparatus; Golgi apparatus to ER
B. ER to Golgi apparatus; Golgi apparatus to ER
Which of the following bases is unique to ribonucleic acid?
A. Uracil
B. Adenine
C. Cytosine
D. Thymine
A. Uracil
Which of the following is NOT found in a nucleoside?
A. Nitrogenous base
B. Pentose sugar
C. Phosphate
D. All of the above are present in a nucleoside
C. Phosphate
According to the Central Dogma, ______ is generated from translation
A. DNA
B. mRNA
C. Protein
D. tRNA
C. Protein
Translation always starts in the ________
A. ER
B. Nucleus
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Cytoplasm
D. Cytoplasm
The synthesis and physiological impact of Vitamin D requires the integrated functioning of several organ systems. When UVB radiation from the sun comes into contact with the epidermis of the integumentary system, it converts 7-dehydrocholesterol into D3. D3 is then sent to the liver, which is part of the ________ system. There, the D3 is converted to calcidiol, which is sent to the kidneys in the ________ system. and converted to calcitrol. Calcitrol is the active form of Vitamin D and will act on the small intestines to absorb calcium ions from the ingested food and incorporate those ions into the bones.
A. Digestive; urinary
B. Urinary; integumentary
C. Urinary; digestive
D. Skeletal; integumentary
A. Digestive; urinary
