Alkanes Flashcards

1
Q
SN1 Reactions:
Steps:
Solvent:
Priority:
Rate:
Products:
Nucleophile:
A
2 Steps
Favoured in Polar Protic Solvents
tertiary>secondary>primary>methyl
rate= k[RL]
Racemic products
Solvent is often the nucleophile (weak)
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2
Q
SN2 Reactions
Steps:
Solvent:
Priority:
Rate:
Products:
Nucleophile:
A
1 Step
Favoured in polar aprotic solvents
methyl>primary>secondary>tertiary
rate=k[Nu][RL]
inverted stereochemistry and optically active
Favoured with strong nucleophile
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3
Q

Nucleophiles

A

“nucleus loving”

tend to have lone pairs or pi bonds that can form new bonds to electrophiles, nucleophilicity increases with increasing electron density/charge

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4
Q

Effect of Charge on Nucleophilicity

A

increases with more negative charge

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5
Q

Effect of Electronegativity on Nucleophilicity

A

decreases as En increases because thee atoms are less likely to share electron density

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6
Q

Effect of Steric Hindrance on Nucleophilicity

A

Bulkier molecules are less nucleophilic

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7
Q

Effect of Solvent on Nucleophilicity

A

Protic solvents can inhibit nucleophilicity by protonating the nucleophile or through hydrogen bonding

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8
Q

Electrophiles

A

“electron loving”

tend to have a positive charge or positively polarized atom that accepts an electron pair from a nucleophile, electrophilicity is increased by increasing the positive charge

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9
Q

Leaving Groups

A

molecular fragments that retain the electrons after heterolysis
most common: weak bases, large groups with resonance, large groups with electron withdrawing atoms

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